Search results

AbstractSolar‐driven overall water splitting using particulate photocatalysts represents a viable and attractive paradigm to produce H2. To achieve sustainable artificial photosynthesis, considerable effort has been devoted in enhancing the overall efficiency and stability of photocatalysts. More specifically, modifying the photocatalyst surface with suitable cocatalysts can significantly enhance its water‐splitting performance. In this minireview, we describe recent advances with respect to the hybridization strategies in constructing high‐performance cocatalyst/photocatalyst systems. We first discuss the fundamental concepts and principles governing the photocatalytic water splitting and the important role of cocatalysts. Subsequently, we examine the strengths and drawbacks of conventional and emerging cocatalyst loading strategies. Special consideration is given to the structure–activity relationship of cocatalysts to achieve efficient photocatalytic H2 production from pure H2O. Finally, the remaining key challenges and possible future directions in the discovery and further exploration of cocatalyst materials are also discussed. We anticipate this review will provide insights and inspire more research interest in designing high‐performance cocatalysts for photocatalytic overall water splitting.

"Written within the perspective of Africana critical studies, this book presents a transatlantic voyage and the depths of historical Black experience in Liverpool, England. The author addresses the narrative of the Black Atlantic propounded by Paul Gilroy and further reveals a firsthand account of a largely hidden aspect of Black British history"--

This article primarily considers African unity via the insights and struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League (ACL) in the 1920s. Garvey provided a blueprint in relation to the psychological welfare of peoples of African descent globally. The UNIA had chapters in Africa, Europe, the Caribbean, and the Americas, espousing the ideology of psychological betterment that would lead to "Africa for the Africans at home and abroad." There are many lessons that African independence leaders learned from Marcus Garvey, and in the 21st century there is the need for greater cooperation between Black peoples of African descent on the continent, who continue to cope with, among other things, the legacy of European colonialism and dysfunctional African leadership in the postcolonial era. Crucially, the present maladies of HIV/AIDS, sporadic civil war, and poor distribution of health services make the notion of African unity an imperative.

Abstract  This article examines a controversial report that focused negatively on mixed heritage children born and raised in the city of Liverpool. The official title was: Report on an Investigation into the Colour Problem in Liverpool and other ports. The social researcher was Muriel E. Fletcher, who had been trained in the Liverpool School of Social Science at The University of Liverpool in the early 1920s. The report was published in 1930 amid controversy for its openly stigmatizing content of children and mixed heritage families of African and European origin. It could be deemed the official outset in defining Liverpool's 'half castes' as a problem and blight to the "British way of life" in the city.

This article relates specifically to the discussion concerning the state of Black studies in the United States. Paradoxically, although providing a defense for its longevity, it is acknowledged ultimately that there is no real need to substantiate its efficacy. However, the continued attacks on the discipline from within and without make for such a defense. Employing an African-centered approach, there will be an attempt to emphasize the continued importance of Black studies to both the university and lay communities. This article will also offer some solutions to the problem of nonspecialists who proliferate the field and do little for its growth and development. They have been deemed as "Black studies opportunists" who have no allegiance to, nor philosophical grounding in, the discipline.

This article is concerned with the fact that Black studies (or African American studies, Africana studies, Pan-African studies, African Centered studies, Afrocentric studies, Africalogical studies, African and African Diaspora studies—they all basically mean the same thing) continues to have a contested existence in the U.S. academy. However, regardless of the ever-present need to validate itself, this field defies all attempts to silence its voice. The works of Black studies scholars are "here, there, and everywhere" if one cares to take the time to search and sift through the many scholarly contributions. Admittedly, the field is very diverse with numerous schools of thought. Yet rather than viewing this diversity as a problem, it should endorse the fact that Black studies continues to make strides in the academy. This is not to suggest that there are not problems facing its growth and development in the university systems; this article shall highlight a number, but it does make a worthwhile claim against any notion of a decline in the scholarly interest in peoples of African descent, in terms of history, culture, socioeconomics, and politics.

This article examines Black settlement in the United Kingdom in relation to the experience of Black male exclusion in the British education system. The time frame covers the post-World War II era and the subsequent Enoch Powell era that manifested in anti-Black discrimination throughout British society in the 1960s to mid-1970s. During this period, people of color in British schools, particularly males of African Caribbean heritage, were experiencing poor results in terms of gaining education qualifications. A major contention is that one cannot divorce the broader anti-Black political sentiment from the British education system; the two are interwoven when it comes to understanding the plight of Black British school children in historical and contemporary times