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Offering a new intellectual history of ideas about reforming capitalism from within, this book traces the emergence of different value systems in the American context, offering a fresh perspective on debates about capitalism in the late 19th century and 20th century

Abstract
This article maps the conceptual history of global inequality from its marginal status in the 1980s, its minute mainstreaming within research and globalization discourse from the mid-1990s to the late 2000s, until its popularization, politicization, and "economization" in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, recession, and the publication of Thomas Piketty's Capital in the 21st Century in 2014. Asking when, why, and how global inequality became a key concept, it draws upon quantitative and qualitative analysis of global inequality in scientific articles, books, and public media. It traces transformations in the term's temporal and spatial meanings and situates these in the contexts of rising within-nation and declining between-nation inequality, inequality research, inequality in public media, and broader discursive fields.

This article is a history of postwar discourse on an unequal world. This discourse was profoundly shaped by new influences: quantitative data and an expanding inequality research infrastructure, the "birth of development," decolonization, human rights, the global Cold War, and theories of the world as one integrated global system. Examining academic journal articles written in English, this article traces the emergence of global inequality in the aftermath of the World Food Crisis of 1972–1975. Originally, global inequality was as much about power as about income differentials, mainly referring to multiple inequalities between the so-called Third World and the First. However, even as the late 1960s and the 1970s saw an increased politicization of the discourse on an unequal world, global inequality did not become a key concept in the 1970s.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Histories of Global Inequality: Introduction -- Scraping By -- Why This Book? -- The Sudden Emergence of a New Concept? -- The Deeper History of Global Inequality -- Inequality Within and Beyond the Nation State -- Inequality Research Today -- New Approaches to Global Inequality Research -- Inequality in the History of Economic and Political Thought -- Historicizing Piketty: The Fall and Rise of Inequality Economics -- The Centrality of Distribution in Classical Economics -- Pillar I: The Theory of Marginal Productivity -- Pillar II: The Consumerist Turn of Utility Theory -- Pillar III: Pareto Optimality -- Conclusions -- The Demise of the Radical Critique of Economic Inequality in Western Political Thought -- Introduction -- The Radical Republican Critique of Economic Inequality -- The Ascendance of the Liberal Paradigm -- Radical Republicanism and the Concept of Inequality -- Products Before People: How Inequality Was Sidelined by Gross National Product -- Introduction -- Numbers in Politics -- Kuznets's Approach to National Income -- Keynes and the War -- A Permanent Fix? -- Post-War Challenges and the End of Inequality -- Conclusion -- Inequality by Numbers: The Making of a Global Political Issue? -- Inequality Knowledge -- Global Insecurities: The Western Middle Class and Global Inequality -- From the Global Justice Movement to Occupy Wall Street -- Problematising the 99% Vision of Inequality -- Inequality, Discrimination and Human Rights -- Inequality and Post-War International Organization: Discrimination, the World Social Situation and the United Nations, 1948-1957 -- Discrimination as a United Nations Policy Mandate, 1948-1957 -- Inequality and the United Nations World Social Situation Reports, 1948-1957 -- Conclusion.

This book concentrates upon how economic rationalities have been embedded into particular historical practices, cultures, and moral systems. Through multiple case-studies, situated in different historical contexts of the modern West, the book shows that the development of economic rationalities takes place in the meeting with other regimes of thought, values, and moral discourses. The book offers new and refreshing insights, ranging from the development of early economic thinking to economic aspects and concepts in the works of classical thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Karl Marx, to the role of economic reasoning in contemporary policies of art and health care. With economic rationalities as the read thread, the reader is offered a unique chance of historical self-awareness and recollection of how economic rationality became the powerful ideological and moral force that it is today

1. Introduction: Talking about Global Inequality; Christian Olaf Christiansen, Oliver Bugge Hunt, Melanie Lindbjerg Machado-Guichon, Sofía Mercader, Priyanka Jha -- Part I. Deep Roots: Legacies of Imperialism and Colonialism -- 2. Notes for a New History; Siep Sturrman -- 3. Poverty and Ideology: Historic Pathways; Julia McClure -- 4. Anti-Imperalism and Digging for the Bases of Power and Privilege; Göran Therborn -- 5. The Colonial Matrix of Power; Walter Mignolo -- 6. Colonial Logics and the Journey from Third World to the First, and Back Again; Tung-Yi Kho -- Part II. Unequal Entanglements: A Capitalist World System -- 7. Self-Interest and Similar Wealth Across Nations Equals World Peace; Branko Milanovic -- 8. An Analysis Built on Global Measurement; James K. Galbraith -- 9. How the Global Movement of Money and People Turns the World Upside Down; Alastair Greig -- 10. The Need to Centre Imperialism; Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven -- 11. The Crisis of Neoliberal Capitalism; Gilbert Achcar -- Part III. The Inertia of Hierarchies: Class, Caste, Race, Gender -- 12. Landscapes of Hierarchy; Dilip Menon -- 13. Experiences of Inequality from India, a Sociobiographical View; Krishnas Swamy Dara -- 14. Writing about Poverty and Caste as a Novelist and Cultural Critic; S. Shankar -- 15. Reflecting on my Experiences of Gender Inequality in Kenya and South Africa; Arabo K. Ewinyu -- 16. Global Resistances and Solidarities: A View from Nepal; Manushi Yami Bhattarai -- Part IV. Thinking Beyond Economics: The Politics of Inequalities -- 17. From Chile to New York: Systemic Corruption and Oligarchic Domination; Camila Vergara -- 18. Making the Familiar Strange: Anthropological Reflections; Tania Murray Li -- 19. From Buenos Aires to Belgrade; Agustín Cosovschi -- 20. Perspectives from The South: an Islander Woman Speaks; Sheila Bunwaree.