Suchergebnisse

Compared to currency data which tends to fluctuate with the market and cannot accurately reflect the effects of human activities on resources use efficiency and environmental sustainability, the assessment accuracy of the effects can be further improved by constant mass data of elements contained in materials and products within socioeconomic system, e.g. phosphorus mass data for its use efficiency assessment in the case of Zhangzhou city in China Huang et al., 2019. Firstly, the mass data of products and raw materials were sourced or assessed mainly from government statistical year books or bulletins. Secondly, the phosphorus contents in materials were derived mainly from literature. Finally, the mass of phosphorus flows throughout food production-consumption system in Zhangzhou prefecture, Fujian province, China was accounted by mass balance accounting based on substance flow analysis. These data include the following parts: input/output phosphorus flows across the jurisdiction boundary of Zhangzhou city; phosphorus flows into or out of agricultural production subsystems such as crop farming, livestock, and aquaculture; phosphorus flows into or out of human consumption subsystem; phosphorus flows across subsystems. Part of reference data related to phosphorus mass balance accounting was also presented.

AbstractMarine fisheries in the Asia and the Pacific region play an important role in global, regional and national economies. Many of the fisheries in the region are over‐exploited, both biologically and economically. We focus on the use of appropriate fishery targets, and the importance of tying those targets to management objectives to overcome the usual and unwanted negative externalities that occur in ocean fisheries, the ones that result in substantial over‐fishing. Of particular importance is the use of a maximum economic yield target for both short‐ and long‐lived species. Maximum economic yield, when combined with appropriately designed marine protected areas, or marine reserves, not only provides maximum profitability and generally larger and more 'conservationist' stocks of fish, but it also ensures a measure of resilience from stochastic shocks that may negatively impact the fishery. It remains the preferred target for most fisheries in the Asia and Pacific region.

Abstract
We deliver a public policy perspective on the dichotomies, dilemmas, and decisions of water pricing. First, the dichotomies between price and value, and costs, are defined to explain the paradox of water pricing: the price of water almost never equals its value and rarely covers its cost. Second, the dilemmas of water pricing are highlighted across efficiency and equity, objectives for water pricing, and the instruments available to decision-makers. Third, the challenges of decision-making are evaluated and illustrated in relation to water pricing. Fourth, an adaptive process is provided that includes participatory assessment of risks and options to guide water-pricing decision-making.