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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- About the Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Overview -- Introduction -- A Framework to Measure How Local Communities Capture Benefits -- The Approach to Assessing the Local Effects of Mining -- Are Mining Communities Seeing Welfare Gains? -- Assessing the Role of Government -- Policy Priorities for Addressing the Local Impacts of Mining -- Notes -- References -- 2 Local Impacts of Resource Abundance: What Have We Learned? -- Introduction -- Theory and Evidence on the Impact of Resource Abundance at the Country Level -- Assessing the Local Impacts of Resource Abundance -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A: Schematic Model of Resource Endowment Changes -- Notes -- References -- 3 Insights from Three Country Case Studies -- Introduction -- Country Backgrounds: Gold Mining in the Case Study Countries -- Channel 1: Employment, Linkages, and Positive Spillovers -- Channel 2: Government Revenue -- Negative Externalities: The Costs Borne by Mining Areas -- Outcomes -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 4 Socioeconomic Effects of Large-Scale Gold Mining: Evidence from Ghana, Mali, and Tanzania -- Introduction -- Gold Mining in Ghana, Mali, and Tanzania -- Empirical Methodology -- Evolution of Trends in Mining and Nonmining Areas -- Livelihoods and Occupations -- Household Accumulation of Assets -- Child Health -- Access to Infrastructure for Welfare Benefits -- Controlling for Mine-Induced Migration -- Summary of Results -- Annex 4A: Variable Definitions for Demographic and Health Surveys and Outcomes for Variables from Synthetic Control Analysis in Mali and Tanzania -- Notes -- References -- 5 Does Mining Reduce Agricultural Growth? Evidence from Large-Scale Gold Mining in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, and Tanzania -- Introduction

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- PART I TRACKING SUCCESSFUL GROWTH EXPERIENCES -- Chapter 1 Tanzania: Growth Acceleration and Increased Public Spending with Macroeconomic Stability -- Chapter 2 Building on Growth in Uganda -- Chapter 3 Rapid Growth and Economic Transformation in Mozambique, 1993-2009 -- Chapter 4 Botswana's Success: Good Governance, Good Policies, and Good Luck -- Chapter 5 Mauritius: An Economic Success Story -- Chapter 6 Cotton Dependence in Burkina Faso: Constraints and Opportunities for Balanced Growth -- PART II POST CONFLICT SITUATIONS - BUILDING INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNANCE -- Chapter 7 Postconflict Economic Governance Reform: The Experience of Liberia -- Chapter 8 Decentralization in Postconflict Sierra Leone: The Genie Is Out of the Bottle -- Chapter 9 Transport Infrastructure and the Road to Statehood in Somaliland -- PART III LEVERAGING SECTORAL ADVANTAGES TO EXPAND EXPORTS -- Chapter 10 Growing Mali's Mango Exports: Linking Farmers to Market through Innovations in the Value Chain -- Chapter 11 Economic Liberalization in Rwanda's Coffee Sector: A Better Brew for Success -- Chapter 12 Cocoa in Ghana: Shaping the Success of an Economy -- Chapter 13 Apparel Exports in Lesotho: The State's Role in Building Critical Mass for Competitiveness -- Chapter 14 The Success of Tourism in Rwanda: Gorillas and More -- PART IV BOOSTING AGRICULTURAL EFFICIENCY AND OUTPUT THROUGH TARGETED INTERVENTIONS -- Chapter 15 Increasing Rice Productivity and Strengthening Food Security through New Rice for Africa (NERICA) -- Chapter 16 Fertilizer in Kenya: Factors Driving the Increase in Usage by Smallholder Farmers -- Chapter 17 Malawi's Agricultural Input Subsidy Program Experience over 2005-09 -- Chapter 18 MoneyMaker Pumps: Creating Wealth in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This paper discusses recent trends and investigates the drivers of capital flows across regions in the world, with emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa. The post-global financial crisis behavior of capital flows into Sub-Saharan Africa is unique and differs from that of global capital flows. The structure of financial flows into Sub-Saharan Africa has shifted toward new sources, such as international bond issuances and debt inflows from non–Paris Club governments. The main message is that the behavior of capital flows into Sub-Saharan Africa differs from that of capital flows into global, industrial, and non–Sub-Saharan African developing countries. The regression analysis reveals that gross flows into Sub-Saharan African are predominantly influenced by external factors, such as foreign growth and uncertainty in global markets and policies. Capital flow behavior for Sub-Saharan African countries is different from that of industrial countries due to different economic structures, which render different transmission processes. The main findings suggest that pull and push factors are the driving forces of capital inflows for industrial countries and non–Sub-Saharan African developing countries—especially better economic performance, sound fiscal outcomes, a greater degree of financial openness, and stronger institutions. The impact of these drivers has become stronger in the 2000s. Macroeconomic policy can play an important role in attracting capital inflows. For instance, fiscal discipline promotes greater other investment inflows, and less flexible exchange rate arrangements (more exchange rate stability) foster portfolio investment inflows.

This paper presents new empirical evidence on how fiscal space in Sub-Saharan Africa has evolved over the past 15 years. Fiscal space is a multi-dimensional concept that is proxied by indicators capturing aspects of fiscal sustainability, balance sheet vulnerabilities, external debt positions, and market perception. The analysis relies on a new comprehensive database developed on a wide array of indicators (28) for a large set of countries in the world—of which 48 are in Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis finds that, breaking with history, Sub-Saharan African countries were able to conduct countercyclical policies amid the 2008–09 global financial crisis, thanks to built-up liquidity and policy buffers. The evidence shows that fiscal adjustment efforts in the region were reversed amid the 2014–16 plunge in commodity prices, and oil and minerals and metals exporters saw a sharp deterioration in their primary balance sustainability gap. The paper finds a great deal of heterogeneity in the post–global financial crisis evolution of the fiscal space in the region. In countries with reduced fiscal space, the increase in the number of tax years to repay the debt fully was 1.1 years for the representative country, and in over one-third of the countries, this increase was more than one standard deviation above the median.

This paper studies the cyclical aspects of fiscal policy in Sub-Saharan Africa countries during 1970–2014. It compares the cyclical properties of real government consumption in the region with those in other developing regions and high-income countries, and examines whether there has been a change in the cyclical nature of fiscal policy in recent years. The analysis finds that government consumption is procyclical in Sub-Saharan African countries, more so than in other regions, and that accounting for endogeneity increases the degree of cyclicality. The cyclical properties of government spending vary along the business cycle, with the level of cyclicality being larger when the level of real economic activity is above the trend relative to when it is below the trend. Mirroring the pattern in other developing regions, the degree of cyclicality has changed since 2002 in Sub-Saharan Africa, with incipient signs of a shift toward acyclical or more countercyclical policies. The evidence does not suggest that resource wealth or fragility increases the procyclicality of government consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa. Official development assistance is found to exacerbate the procyclical stance of fiscal policy in the region, but the result depends on the relative size of foreign aid received.

What are the socioeconomic impacts of resource abundance? Are these effects different at the national and local levels? How could resource booms benefit (or harm) local communities? This paper reviews a vast literature examining these questions, with an emphasis on empirical works. First, the evidence and theoretical arguments behind the so-called resource curse, and other impacts at the country level, are reviewed. This cross-country literature highlights the importance of institutions. Then, a simple analytical framework is developed to understand how resource booms could impact local communities, and the available empirical evidence is examined. This emerging literature exploits within-country variation and is opening new ways to think about the relation between natural resources and economic development. The main message is that others factors, such as market mechanisms and local spillovers, are also relevant for understanding the impact of resource abundance. Finally, the paper discusses issues related to fiscal decentralization and provides ideas for future research.