Suchergebnisse

Die Tatsache, dass Netzwerke ‹Echokammern› oder ‹Filterblasen› erzeugen, ist zu einem Gemeinplatz geworden. Angeblich haben die Technologien der Personalisierung die Gemeinschaft zerstört – wenn nicht die Demokratie. Um zu verstehen, wie die Algorithmen von Netzwerken zu Fragmentierung führen, untersucht dieser Aufsatz ein fundamentales Axiom der Netzwerkforschung: Homophilie, das Prinzip, dass Ähnlichkeit für Verbindungen sorgt. Homophilie ist ein Grund für den Zusammenbruch von scheinbar offenen und grenzenlosen Netzwerken in eine Ansammlung von unsicheren gated communities. Diese Desintegration wird von der agentenbasierten Marktlogik beschleunigt, die in den Systemen der Datensammlung implementiert ist. Wenn Netzwerke segregieren, dann weil Netzwerkanalysen auf einer reduktionistischen Identitätspolitik aufbauen und sie bestätigen, in der Rasse und Geschlecht als unveränderliche Kategorien definiert und Liebe als «Liebe unter Gleichen» postuliert werden. Um diesen Annahmen etwas entgegenzusetzen, hebt dieser Aufsatz den ‹performativen› Charakter von Netzwerken hervor. Netzwerke verwirklichen, was sie vorgeben nur zu beschreiben. Anstatt dies als irreführend und falsch zu beklagen, ist es ebenso möglich, diese fundamentale Performativität ernstnehmen und Systeme herzustellen, die die Fluidität von Identität wie von Netzwerken anerkennen. ; The fact that networks create ‹echo chambers› or ‹filter bubbles› has become a truism. Personalization allegedly has destroyed commonality – if not democracy. To understand how network algorithms fragment, this chapter examines a fundamental axiom of network science: homophily, the principle that similarity breeds connection. Homophily fosters the breakdown of seemingly open and boundless networks into a series of poorly-gated communities, a disintegration that the agent-based market logic embedded within most capture systems accelerates. If networks segregate, it is because network analyses rest on and perpetuate a reductive identity politics, which posits race and gender as "immutable" categories and love as inherently «love of the same.» To face this challenge, this essay highlights and engages with the ‹performative› nature of networks. Networks repeatedly enact what they claim only to describe. Rather than decry this as deceptive, what would happen if we took seriously this fundamental performativity and built systems that acknowledged the fluidity of identity and networks?

wendy hui kyong chun is an assistant professor of Modern Culture and Media at Brown University. She is currently working on a manuscript entitled "Sexuality in the Age of Fiber Optics."

This essay attempts to disable the "ruinous" logic that has fueled recent slut-shaming on Web 2.0 by making visible the ways in which our machines are promiscuous—routinely "leaking." The authors present the leak as a habit so as to disrupt the illusion of privacy and sealed subjectivity that enables the possibility of being a "victim" of slut-shaming, revenge porn, and similar dangers of Web 2.0. They argue that blaming the user for leaks only detracts from the systematic vulnerabilities of Web 2.0. The essay looks at the pernicious practice of "ruining" young, white, female subjects through the circulation of naked or sexual images of them. This habit not only exemplifies the linking of subjectivity, privacy, and whiteness but also the way in which the online subject is figured as open, vulnerable, and perhaps asking for it—that is, traditionally female. The essay argues that rather than call for bubbles of privacy that seal off online subjects, as if to prevent their leaking or sluttiness, the inherent promiscuity of new media must be embraced.

Introduction : how to destroy the world, one solution at a time -- Red pill toxicity, or, Liberation envy -- Correlating eugenics -- The transgressive hypothesis -- Homophily, or, The swarming of the segregated neighborhood -- Proxies, or, reconstructing the unknown -- Algorithmic authenticity -- Correlating ideology, or, What lies at the surface -- Recognizing recognition -- The space between us -- Coda : living in/difference.

Situating digital humanities within larger changes to university funding and structures, Chun and Rhody complicate rhetoric surrounding "the digital" as the bright future of the humanities and higher education. Chun confronts a general euphoria surrounding technology and education by invoking Lauren Berlant's term cruel optimism and challenges assertions that technical savvy yields more jobs for undergraduates and that moocs reduce the cost of higher education. Chun insists that if the humanities are at risk, it is because they have capitulated to a bureaucratic technocratic logic, and if the academy is at risk, it is because it has fueled false hopes that college degrees guarantee jobs and continues to sink students into debt. Rhody extends Chun's assertion, pointing to ways in which digital humanities are often touted as a "bright hope" for all of the humanities—as a source of limitless grants and soft money, as a guarantee of employment, and as a site of uncomplicated acceptance of technological determinism. Revisiting the evolution of "bright" and "dark" imagery as it relates to digital humanities, Rhody revisits the terms' uses just following the 2009 mla Convention, pointing to how "bright" imagery refers to digital humanities not as a "solution," but as a rallying point for hybrid scholars to address shared interests. Chun and Rhody demonstrate how the "dark side" of "the digital" is the "bright hope" that sustains the academy in the short term, as it reifies the existing, systemic dysfunction that threatens higher education as well as the humanities and its students.

AbstractIn a 1954 essay Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton coined the term homophily to describe similarity-based friendship. They based their findings on friendship patterns among neighbors in a biracial housing project in the United States, using a combined quantitative and qualitative, empirical and speculative analysis of social processes. Since then homophily has become a guiding principle for network science: it is simply presumed that similarity breeds connection. But the unpublished study by Merton, Patricia S. West, and Marie Jahoda, which grounds Lazarsfeld and Merton's analysis, and the Merton and Bureau of Applied Social Research's archive reveal a more complex picture. This article engages with the data traces in the archive to reimagine what enabled the residents of the studied housing project to live in difference, as neighbors. The reanimation of this archive reveals the often counterintuitive characteristic of our imagined networks: they are about removal, not addition. It also opens up new imagined possibilities for a digital future beyond the hatred of the different and online echo chambers.

Sea of data : apophenia and pattern recognition / Hito Steyerl -- Crapularity hermeneutics : interpretation as the blind spot of analytics, artificial intelligence, and other algorithmic producers of the post-apocalyptic present / Florian Cramer -- Queerying homophily / Wendy Hui Kyong Chun -- Data paranoia : how to make sense of pattern discrimination / Clemens Apprich

Algorithmic identity politics reinstate old forms of social segregation - in a digital world, identity politics is pattern discrimination. It is by recognizing patterns in input data that Artificial Intelligence algorithms create bias and practice racial exclusions thereby inscribing power relations into media. How can we filter information out of data without reinserting racist, sexist, and classist beliefs?

What makes information feel true or compelling in our contemporary digital societies? This book brings together different disciplinary understandings of "authenticity" in order to find alternative ways to approach mis- and disinformation that go beyond contemporary fact-checking and its search for the "authentic" truth. Patterned under the algorithmic flows of digital capitalism, authenticity itself is subject to variation, iteration, and outside influence. Linking cross-disciplinary research on the history and practices of algorithmic authenticity points to new research questions to understand the impact of algorithmic authenticity on social life and its role in contemporary information disorder.