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In recent years, the innovation of state-owned listed enterprises has gained substantial momentum in academic research due to their vital role in sustainable economic development. This article examines and evaluates the influence of mixed-ownership reform on the innovation strategy of Chinese State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) from the two dimensions of ownership structure adjustment and control right allocation. We extend extant research in that: The diversity of mixed shareholders, the depth of mixed equity, and the control of mixed equity can significantly promote the exploratory innovation investment of SOEs. Our study investigates the impact of the shareholding ratio of foreign investors, natural persons, and institutional investors. The empirical results found a significant positive correlation between the increase of the shareholding ratio of institutional investors and the exploratory and exploitative innovation investment. On the other hand, private shareholders' shareholding ratio has no impact on the innovation strategy choices of SOEs. Specifically, the results proved that the promotion of exploratory innovation investment by mixed-ownership reform is more significant in SOEs controlled by the central government or in competitive industries. To a large extent, this promotion is achieved by improving the proportion of executives with a professional R& ; D background in SOEs.

Front Cover -- Front Flap -- Title Page -- Copyright Information -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: China's Millennials -- Social Transformation and Youth Studies in China -- Children of the 1980s -- An Emerging Silent Revolution? -- The Urban-Rural Divide -- Educational Inequality in the Post-1980s Generation -- China's Millenial NEETs -- A Tightening Labor Market for College Graduates -- Housing Conditions of Employed Youth in Beijing -- The Reversal of the Gender Balance in Education, and Its Challenges -- The Widening Income Gap -- Gender Inequality in Education -- Consumption Power and Patterns of the Chinese Middle Class -- Consumption Trends and Behavioral Changes among Urban White-Collar Youth in the Era of WeChat -- Group Characteristics of China's Youth and Triggering Factors for Potential Sociopolitical Unrest -- Intergenerational Differences in National Identity -- Today's Generation -- Further Readings -- Notes -- Index -- Back Flap -- Back Cover.

AbstractStudies show that Pakistan has made significant advancements in financial technology. However, the costs that prevent a client from using fintech are still unclear. This study aims to analyze the perceived transaction cost-related factors that affect their intention to fintech while having the moderating effects of situational factors. The data collected from an online questionnaire was used to test a structural equation model with Smart PLS 3 analysis. The survey included a two-part form with five-point Likert scales, receiving 276 replies from diverse backgrounds during a three-month online survey. This paper, which is based on Transaction Cost Economics, Innovation Diffusion Theory, and Belk's Theory, hypothesizes that five antecedents influence consumers' perceived transaction cost (PTC) of fintech, including dependability (β = −0.223), uncertainty (β = 0.204), asset specificity (β = 0.203), convenience (β = −0.186), complexity (β = 0.181). The intention of consumers to use fintech for online shopping or service utilization is negatively correlated with PTC. When acting as a moderator, situational factors such as the pandemic and impending police, and environmental and physical surroundings are found to be necessary. Customers have difficulty connecting specific reasons for not utilizing fintech to financial concerns. A negative association exists between perceived transaction cost and intention to use fintech. It is discovered that environmental and physical surroundings entirely counteract perceived transaction costs' detrimental effects on intention to use.

Systematic theoretical work on Russian and Chinese social policy seems to be lacking. While previous research establishes how democratic systems produce welfare, it is unclear what kind of welfare such transitional systems provide. Our analysis adheres to structuration based theoretical explanations, taking into account both agency and structure as factors needed to explain these regimes' welfare policy. Hybrid regimes are eager to adopt global liberally oriented welfare policies, which tend to ignore popular demands. Western analysis of Russian and Chinese social policy emphasizes the dualistic influence of liberal versus statist social policy. This dualistic conceptualization fails to take into account the contradictions between ideological frames and hybrid regimes' vulnerability to popular pressures. Widespread corruption undermines formal procedures and underlies growth of informal practices. Both Russia and China have considerable welfare achievements and vast problems. In conditions of economic growth, both have experienced huge increases in inequality and individualization of risk.

Introduction: Class and Stratification in the People's Republic of China - Yingjie Guo, S. 1. - PART I HISTORY. - 1. Reconfiguring China's Class Order after the 1949 Revolution - Joel Andreas, S. 21. - 2. The Cultural Revolution: Class, Culture and Revolution - Mobo Gao, S. 44. - 3. Class and Inequality in the Post-Mao Era - Li Chunling, S. 59. - PART II DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND CLASS FORMATION. - 4. State Power as a Determinant of Life Chances - Yingjie Gao, S. 85. - 5. Cultural Politics of Class: Workers and Peasants as Historical Subjects - Wanning Sun, S. 107. - 6. Women's Social Mobility in China: Marriage and Class - Song Yu, S. 128. - 7. Ethnic Minority Status, Class, and the Urban Labour Market - Reza Hasmath, S. 142. - PART III WELFARE INDEXES. - 8. Education, Social Stratification and Class in China - Liang Du, S. 161. - 9. The High School Entrance Exam And/As Class Sorter: Working Class Youth and the HSEE in Contemporary China - T. E. Woronov, S. 178. - 10. Housing China's Inequality - Luigi Tomba, S. 197. - 11. Class, Stratification and Health Inequities in Contemporary China - Beatriz Carrillo Garcia, S. 213. - PART IV THE RULING CLASS. - 12. China's Emerging Ruling Class: Power, Wealth, and Status under Market Socialism - David S. G. Goodman, S. 243. - 13. China's Top Leading Cadres: More Red, Expert, or Gold? - Peng Lu, S. 262. - PART V MIDDLE CLASSES. - 14. Transformation of China's Socialist Brick: Reproduction and Circulation of Ordinary Cadres - Peng Lu, S. 279. - 15. The Growth of Chinese Professionals: A New Middle Class in the Making - Zhuoni Zhang and Xiaogang Wu, S. 292. - 16. China's Private Entrepreneurs and the Party-state: Mutual Dependence and Political Institutionalization - Minglu Chen, S. 314. - PART VI WORKING CLASSES. - 17. Working Class Re-formation and De-formation in the PRC - Marc Blecher, S. 335. - 18. China's Rural Migrant Workers and Labour Politics - Jenny Chan and Mark Selden, S. 362. - 19. A Predictable End? C