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Równoważność pomiaru konstruktów mierzonych online i offline jest warunkiem porównywalności zebranych danych. Umożliwia akumulację wiedzy uzyskanej na podstawie badań przeprowadzonych tymi dwiema różnymi metodami oraz łączenie danych zebranych tymi sposobami do dalszych analiz. Głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja procedury testowania równoważności pomiaru w programach Amos i Mplus. Procedurę prezentujemy w kolejnych krokach testu równoważności: 1) specyfikacja modelu, 2) identyfikacja modelu, 3) estymacja i ocena modelu i 4) modyfikacja modelu.

"The Schwartz theory of basic human values has promoted a revival of empirical research on values in cross-cultural, social, and personality psychology. A central topic in the application of values is comparing them across cultures. This study examines the measurement invariance of the full 40-item version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) as compared to the 21-item version as applied in the European Social Survey (ESS). The research was carried out on a total sample of 1,204 individuals in Poland and Germany. Measurement invariance was tested using two-group confirmatory factor analyses. Analyses revealed that all the values measured by the PVQ-40 displayed not only configural and metric but also partial scalar invariance for all 10 values with the exception of the stimulation value, thus allowing the mean comparison of nine out of the 10 postulated values. However, the 21-item version achieved partial scalar only for seven values. The authors conclude that the PVQ-40 is more appropriate for cross-cultural research." (author's abstract)

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja polskiej wersji kwestionariusza do pomiaru poczucia skuteczności interpersonalnej – Skal koła skuteczności interpersonalnej (Circumplex Scales for Interpersonal Efficacy; CSIE) Locke'a – oraz poznanie osobowościowych uwarunkowań konstruktów koła interpersonalnego i szerokości repertuaru zachowań interpersonalnych. CSIE są oparte na modelu koła interpersonalnego Wigginsa (Wiggins, Trapnell, Phillips, 1988) i mierzą 8 aspektów interpersonalnego poczucia skuteczności: Dominujący, Dominujący i Zdystansowany, Zdystansowany, Ustępliwy i Zdystansowany, Ustępliwy, Ustępliwy i Życzliwy, Życzliwy, Dominujący i Życzliwy. Badanie przeprowadzono na próbie N = 306. Rzetelność jednej skali (FG – Ustępliwy i Zdystansowany) jest niska, rzetelności pozostałych skal są zadowalające. Struktura wewnętrzna i trafność teoretyczna narzędzia są satysfakcjonujące. Stwierdzono, że interpersonalne poczucie skuteczności jest najsilniej powiązane z metacechą Beta / Plastyczność, co poddano dyskusji w kontek ie Cybernetycznej Teorii Wielkiej Piątki (Cybernetic Big Five Theory; CB5T) DeYounga (2015). Jako wskaźniki szerokości repertuaru zachowań interpersonalnych zastosowano elastyczność interpersonalną (wzniesienie profilu) oraz sztywność interpersonalną (długość wektora). Elastyczność interpersonalnego poczucia skuteczności i cech interpersonalnych jest powiązana z ekstrawersją, ugodowością, stabilnością emocjonalną, intelektem, Alfą / Stabilnością, Betą / Plastycznością oraz Ogólnym Czynnikiem Osobowości. Z kolei sztywność wartości i cech interpersonalnych koreluje z ekstrawersją, ugodowością, stabilnością emocjonalną, intelektem, Alfą / Stabilnością, Betą / Plastycznością oraz Ogólnym Czynnikiem Osobowości.

The 7th round of the European Social Survey (ESS) from 2014-15 includes a partial repetition of the immigration module from the first ESS wave (2002-03) with information on individual attitudes toward immigration and immigrants in both old and new immigration societies. The goal of the present study is to test whether and to what extent questions in the module are equivalent across ESS countries. We performed two types of measurement equivalence tests: exact and approximate. Whereas the exact approach requires that measurement parameters are exactly equal across groups, the approximate and newer approach suggests that it is sufficient that measurement parameters are approximately equal to allow a meaningful comparison across groups. Our findings suggest that two measurement scales, allowing immigrants into the country and realistic threat, are approximately invariant across most ESS countries.

AbstractThis longitudinal study explores the stability and change of values in childhood. Children's values were measured in Poland three times (with one‐year intervals) using the Picture Based Values Survey (PBVS‐C; Döring, Blauensteiner, Aryus, Drögekamp, & Bilsky, 2010), developed to measure values differentiated according to the circular model of Schwartz (1992). 801 children (divided into 5 cohorts aged 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 years at the first measurement occasion) completed the PBVS‐C three times on a yearly basis. Separate analyses were performed for each cohort using the data of the three measurement occasions. Multidimensional scaling revealed that, in children, Schwartz's (1992) circular structure of values is stable and does not change over time. Although priorities of values displayed moderate stability over time, the means changed between the ages of 7 and 11 years. Specifically, latent growth curve modeling revealed changes in children's values hierarchy as indicated by the decrease in the mean level of conservation values and the increase in the mean level of openness to change values. Self‐transcendence and self‐enhancement also changed in different directions. As indicated by mean levels over time, self‐transcendence first increased in importance, slightly decreased, and finally increased again. In contrast, self‐enhancement first decreased in importance, then increased, and finally began to decrease again.

Comparisons of means or associations between theoretical constructs of interest in cross-national comparative research assume measurement invariance, that is, that the same constructs are measured in the same way across the various nations under study. While it is intuitive, this assumption needs to be statistically tested. An increasing number of sociological and social psychological studies have been published in the last decade in which the cross-national comparability of various scales such as human values, national identity, attitudes toward democracy, or religiosity, to name but afew, were tested. Many of these studies did not manage to fully achieve measurement invariance. In this study we review, in anontechnical manner, the methodological literature on measurement invariance testing. We explain what it is, how to test for it, and what to do when measurement invariance across countries is not given in the data. Several approaches have been recently proposed in the literature on how to deal with measurement noninvariance. We illustrate one of these approaches with alarge dataset of seven rounds from the European Social Survey (2002-2015) by estimating the most trustworthy means of human values, even when strict measurement invariance is not given in the data. We conclude with asummary and some critical remarks. ZusammenfassungVergleiche von Mittelwerten und von Beziehungen zwischen theoretischen Konstrukten, die im Rahmen international vergleichender Forschung untersucht werden, gehen davon aus, dass diese Konstrukte messinvariant sind, d.h., dass sie in den verschiedenen Landern identisch gemessen werden. Obwohl diese Annahme plausibel sein kann, muss sie jedoch statistisch getestet werden. Im letzten Jahrzehnt wurde eine zunehmende Zahl von soziologischen, politikwissenschaftlichen und sozialpsychologischen Studien veroffentlicht, in denen die internationale Vergleichbarkeit von verschiedenen Skalen zur Messung von z.B. menschlichen Werten, nationaler Identitat, Einstellungen zu Demokratie oder Religiositat uberpruft wurde. In vielen dieser Studien konnte Messinvarianz nicht vollig nachgewiesen werden. Die folgende Studie bietet in einer nicht technischen Art und Weise einen uberblick uber die methodologische Literatur zur Messinvarianz. Es wird erklart, was Messinvarianz ist, wie man sie uberpruft und was man tun kann, wenn sie in den Daten nicht gegeben ist. In der Literatur wurden in der letzten Zeit verschiedene Ansatze vorgeschlagen, wie man fehlende Messinvarianz behandeln kann. Die Autoren illustrieren eine dieser Herangehensweisen (Alignment) mit einem gro ss en Datensatz, der 7Befragungsrunden des European Social Survey (2002-2015) beinhaltet, und schatzen den vertrauenswurdigsten Durchschnitt menschlicher Werte, auch wenn strikte Messinvarianz in den Daten nicht vorhanden ist. Abschlie ss end folgen eine Zusammenfassung und einige kritische Anmerkungen.

Determining whether people in certain countries score differently in measurements of interest or whether concepts relate differently to each other across nations can indisputably assist in testing theories and advancing our sociological knowledge. However, meaningful comparisons of means or relationships between constructs within and across nations require equivalent measurements of these constructs. This is especially true for subjective attributes such as values, attitudes, opinions, or behavior. In this review, we first discuss the concept of cross-group measurement equivalence, look at possible sources of nonequivalence, and suggest ways to prevent it. Next, we examine the social science methodological literature for ways to empirically test for measurement equivalence. Finally, we consider what may be done when equivalence is not supported by the data and conclude with a review of recent developments that offer exciting directions and solutions for future research in cross-national measurement equivalence assessment.

For decades, social scientists have been interested in studying individual attitudes toward ethnic minorities or immigrants and their development over time. Whereas these attitudes have been commonly studied among adults, little is known about children's and teenager's attitudes toward immigrant minorities. This gap might have been a result of a lack of standardized, cost-effective, and efficient large-scale survey measures tailored to young people. In the current study, we try to overcome this gap by introducing and validating a new, child-friendly, easily administrable picture-based survey measure of attitudes toward immigrants belonging to two ethnic minorities: blacks and Muslims. For this purpose, we collected a panel dataset at three measurement time points in two countries, Switzerland and Poland, including 5332 school children and teenagers aged 8 to 19 years, divided into three age cohorts. We performed confirmatory factor analyses within and across the samples and found that the new picture-based measures were reliable and highly comparable across measurement time points, age cohorts, and country samples. The findings suggest that picture-based measures may be a promising tool to measure attitudes among children.+++Correction to: Measuring school children's attitudes toward immigrants in Switzerland and Poland, s. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42409-021-00024-9 (14 April 2021).

AbstractValues—the motivational goals that define what is important to us—guide our decisions and actions every day. Their importance is established in a long line of research investigating their universality across countries and their evolution from childhood to adulthood. In adolescence, value structures are subject to substantial change, as life becomes increasingly social. Value change has thus far been understood to operate independently within each person. However, being embedded in various social systems, adolescents are constantly subject to social influence from peers. Thus, we introduce a framework investigating the emergence and evolution of value priorities in the dynamic context of friendship networks. Drawing on stochastic actor-oriented network models, we analyze 73 friendship networks of adolescents. Regarding the evolution of values, we find that adolescents' value systems evolve in a continuous cycle of internal validation through the selection and enactment of goals—thereby experiencing both congruence and conflicts—and external validation through social comparison among their friends. Regarding the evolution of friendship networks, we find that demographics are more salient for the initiation of new friendships, whereas values are more relevant for the maintenance of existing friendships.