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Architectural repositories like archdaily, dezeen, divisare, emerged with the internet 2.0, have made possible the 'democratization of visibility', by which small platforms and/or architects can opt for great visibility previously only accessible to large structures. They offer a large amount of built and unbuilt projects everyday, as their sustainability is based on quantity instead of quality, creating a huge flow of information difficult to classify. These platforms have become the place where architectural knowledge is stored. They also make obsolete the traditional approaches based on chronological and geographical contexts, and establish a simplification based on the culture of the immediacy. These repositories are no more only dissemination tools but more and more inspiration sources for new developments, making the analysis of their influence nowadays relevant. Today's History of Architecture could be narrated through online repositories, as they are the place where a huge number of projects localized worldwide are stored, creating multiple asynchronous links between them. It is a provocative approach, but it also shows there is not only one history to be presented, but multiple, sometimes parallel, histories. We face a situation of dispersion, where the multiple theoretical contributions have to be made compatible, a very different context compared with the beginning of the 20th century. Until now, research in the field of Architectural History has not applied the quantitative approach based on big data (and why not, AI). Also if creating a history of present architecture exclusively from digital sources has methodological flaws, new approaches, tools and strategies can be applied. Together with repositories, social networks have turned the user into a producer, editor and critic of architecture –often at the same time– and this is changing the traditional rules of architectural dissemination. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

Post-refereed, pre-print version, de acuerdo con Consent Form. Publicado en: Religion and the Arts 18:4(2014). 591-592.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685292-01804006 ; The Northwestern border of the Spanish colonization of America was characterized during the Sixteenth Century by a wide unexplored territory and the lack of density of the American Native nomads, which difficulted the establishment of former new towns from where to organize the conquest and domination of Nueva España. Baja California was the extreme peripheral borderland far from the colonial centers of power, is nevertheless interesting for the model of settlement implemented there beginning in the Seventeenth Century by the Jesuits in their attempt to evangelize and civilize local inhabitants. Soon the Jesuits' activities were complemented with political functions, and their missions came to act as territorial control posts for the Spanish Crown. The extreme climatic and environmental conditions of the region, together with the profound ignorance of the geographical configuration of the peninsula, in fact defined the missions as the main venues for the Spanish colonial understanding of the territory. They were not only places to promote spiritual conquest, but also defensive outposts along the royal route from the mineral mines to the administrative centers, part of a larger network developed to extend the frontiers of New Spain. A great deal of research exists on the role of the Catholic Church in the colonization of the continent, including this region. A new publication about these mission settlements is, therefore, always anticipated with interest for the new focus it can offer. .

Differences and conflicts are most evident at borderlands, which act as balancing tools to organize and filter economic and migratory flows. The increased militarization of these areas, which often requires creating empty spaces next to the fences, fosters deterritorialization processes that not only have profound effects on the territory, but also on the people living in these areas. As space shapes people, this paper analyses the effects of marginalization and violence, as well as hope for a better future for people and migrants living in these places. After evidencing place disattachment and life disruption originated by strong transformations to their environments, a review based on literature of several bottom-up experiences acting in these areas is presented. Based on subversion, contamination, hybridization and transgression, these examples show the interesting ambivalence of borderlands, which provide a provocative and inspiring arena for new local planning and architectural design for recovering place attachment, stronger community identities and the development of new models of coexistence.

Cimadomo, G. (2017), Design as a tool in the module History of Architecture. Learning by Doing. ICERI2017 Proceedings) ; We present the teaching experience of the History of Architecture II module related to the last three academic years when we have experienced the introduction of a practical exercise aimed at actively learning the theoretical content of the subject: the history of architecture between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. The problem-based and the learning-by-doing methodologies have been applied within the framework of a broader educational innovation project that has involved different undergraduate subjects in architecture. The exercise is based on the realization of a project at the level of a preliminary project of a building contextualized in the Renaissance or the Baroque eras, varying this last parameter each year. Each student had to identify himself in the role of an architect of the modern era, search for a patron and choose the typology to build among those studied in the theoretical classes. The freedom offered in all these parameters has allowed each student to freely search for their hobbies and personal interests, being an incentive to carry out the task assigned. This exercise requires a different approach to the buildings studied throughout the semester, to understand the logic and compositional rules underlying each typology, uses, needs, as well as constructive solutions. The preliminary phase of the exercise also requires a historical understanding of the patron and his hobbies, of the geographical environment in which the exercise will be carried out, as well as the cultural and political context of the chosen temporal arc. The aim is to promote learning through project activity even in traditionally theoretical subjects such as the history of architecture, generating dynamics closer to the expectations of students without sacrificing the learning required by the curriculum. The results obtained, both quantitative and qualitative, contrasted by anonymous surveys conducted at the end of each year, show a greater linkage of students to the subject, a deeper learning of the compositional rules of the studied ages, and greater satisfaction with the dynamics applied, without sacrificing the objectives of explaining the processes in the environment of the society of the time and its direct relationship with the present. As with previous experiences, we demonstrate the need to adapt teaching methodologies to the generational changes of the students that study for the degree in architecture to achieve the pedagogical objectives of the training of architects in the 21st century. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

Tesis rescatada en Teseo ; Las zonas de frontera son lugares de gran complejidad debido a los múltiples intereses que convergen sobre su configuración, entre ellos los económicos, migratorios y geopolíticos. Los procesos en acto pueden resumirse en una desaparición paulatina de los controles físicos, sustituidos por acuerdos y tratados que fomentan la circulación de bienes y personas a través de ellas, o bien en un fortalecimiento de su control, a través de herramientas tecnológicas derivadas del ámbito militar. En ambos casos se generan modelos territoriales y urbanos únicos, originados en gran medida por unos elementos ajenos a cualquier lógica habitual. Frente a la aceptación común de que los espacios fronterizos sean espacios negados, marginales y exentos de carácter, se quiere profundizar sobre los procesos de reterritorialización, de la constitución de una identidad y sobre las nuevas formas de ocupación que se generan en función de las relaciones y de la permeabilidad de los elementos fronterizos. Si bien existe un gran interés científico en el estudio de las causas y las evoluciones que estas áreas sufren, se observa una gran ausencia de la arquitectura y el urbanismo en estos temas. Considerando que muros y vallas influyen sobre la vida de las personas que se encuentran en sus áreas de influencia, además de afectar el propio territorio, se reivindica una mayor presencia de esta profesión en su análisis y en la definición de su futura evolución. La metodología aplicada se basa en el estudio de casos localizados en diferentes enclaves, analizando tanto la evolución histórica desde el punto de vista espacial, como intervenciones reales en el ámbito de la planificación del territorio y de la práctica arquitectónica para comprender cuales son las aproximaciones de la profesión hacia unos elementos que son a toda vista ajenos a la cultura proyectual. La experimentalidad es la manera de aproximarse a un ámbito en en cual es necesaria una comprensión global de las dinámicas y de los intereses que intervienen en su configuración. Se trata en definitiva de plantear la reflexión espacial en primer término, entendiendo las dimensiones sociales como efectos derivados de la primera, lo que puede ofrecer nuevas perspectivas sobre la realidad fronteriza. La pregunta principal que se plantea en este trabajo es verificar a través de los casos de estudio identificados, cuales son las oportunidades que la práctica arquitectónica y los arquitectos pueden ofrecer en estos ámbitos para una mejora significativa. Los acontecimientos de lugares tan dispares como Palestina, Sahara, Gibraltar, Belfast o Ciudad Juárez son algunos de los que se analizan y comparan para obtener pautas de intervención, a través de los éxitos y fracasos detectados, que puedan servir para que las intervenciones en ámbitos fronterizos sean dirigidas hacia una mejora sustancial de su habitat.

L'inasprimento della situazione politica del XX secolo trova negli eventi internazionali il luogo privilegiato per l'affermazione delle ideologie dei Paesi ospiti da diffondere sia ai visitatori che agli altri Paesi partecipanti. È così che i Padiglioni nazionali diventano inevitabilmente oggetto di propaganda e il linguaggio architettonico utilizzato diventa parte fondamentale di una logica rivendicativa di un'identità collettiva non sempre reale. Il caso specifico dell'Esposizione Internazionale di Parigi del 1937 è paradigmatico, essendo specchio del suo tempo e delle tensioni nazionali, nata sotto gli auspici della pace, risulta il più evidente esempio di binomio tra Potere e Architettura.

we want to focus on the alarming question of the assaults to Ceuta and Melilla's fences, that occurred with a heightened frequency and strength during October 2005. They could be identified in the migratory asset, in a bigger movement of people without possibilities that cross the African continent, leaving their home in the hope of finding a better future in Europe. We want to show the actual situation as slow and misunderstood, as is the solution proposed for Spain: the militarization of border control (temporary?) and increasing the height of the fence from 3 to 6 meters where necessary, apart from the building of a third fence. These assaults demonstrate how the problem of immigration is not of each state on their own, but rather of the EU in general, as the adoption of Schengen Agreements allowed for free movements between member states. The solutions that are being proposed show more and more how the interests of the EU lay in strenghtening border control, with military forces if necessary, and in the politics of readmission with origin countries. We want to question the interaction of these migratory flows with the fences: of course the long way to reach Europe has many stops, dangers to avoid and ways to be walked, but it is in the arrival to the frontier with the EU we want to focus on. The fence is a permeable membrane according to the genre of flows it has to filter, but in the case of migratory ones it becomes a dense wall. We could say it generates an opposite vector force against the natural flow of migrants, whose only chance is to settle nearby while attempting to cross.

The latest expansion of the EU towards the East has again modified its borders, showing once again the intangibility and flexibility of the latter. The very definition of border acquires different meanings depending on which theme is being discussed: an impenetrable barrier against migratory flows and the introduction of goods, transforming itself into a strainer for the exporting of national products. The new Internal Affairs Commissioner for the EU, Rocco Buttiglione, affirms on the one hand that migratory flows cannot be blocked manu militari, although he also believes that Europe decides who can enter and who cannot. Even within Europe, and despite the Schengen Agreements, borders are taking shape in concrete situations, reminding us that their disappearance is not definitive. We should differentiate between natural borders and those erected by man; in reference to the latter we will focus on walls, such as the one no longer standing in Berlin or that illegally erected by Israel in the Occupied Territories, scoffing at the international bodies dedicated to the defense of human rights and freedoms. In reference to natural borders, in direct opposition to those made by man, and due to the dramatic events that are taking place, we will concentrate on the oceans, true black holes in which the dreams of immigrants come to a tragic end. The absence of man-made elements can be more powerful than the presence of the very same barriers. The interesting thing about the Berlin Wall, having certain similarities to the Great Wall of China, is its slow (but deliberate)transformation from Cold War symbol to souvenir and finally its disappearance altogether in favour of urbanistic exploitation. The best analysis of this condition, as R. Koolhaas states (encloses free space, leaving outside the enclosed city), resides in its mutable situation, sometimes improvised evolution, and others detailed planning. It seems unfathomable that after the disappearance of one wall someone could construct another, especially under ...

In our modern society people is more than ever a passive subject faced to a vast flow of information. Inspiration and problem solving can take the form of direct citation from the mass of examples disseminated by digital social media, websites and other sources. Focusing on the architectural field, the increasing development of Social Networks and of mono-thematic channels like archdaily, worldarchitecture, divisare, just to cite a few, offer every day a large amount of realised and unrealised projects which easily can serve as inspiration for the development of new designs. Among many other values ubiquity, immediateness and easiness are the most interesting effects which are of interest for this paper. It could be argued that critical practice is substituting a more traditional theoretical body of thought related with the practice of architecture. Analysing the culture of instantaneity impulsed by digital social networks, we focus on the effects of immediacy, reliability, trend and democratisation for the dissemination of architecture. As any new project developed is based on a previous work or methodology, based on quotation or interpretation of earlier works, we could consider 'new knowledge' a combination of previous information and/or methodologies. One of the results shows how synchronicity between inspired and inspiring works leading to homogeneous bodies of work in very different latitudes make difficult to record a proper history of contemporary architecture in the digital era. The attempt to create a historiography of the digital age contemporary architecture should start to consider new methodologies, tools and strategies to apply. Apart from considering the effects of these technologies on architectural education and practice, suggestions are made to create a tool to show the evolving propagation of information, which should be used by contemporary historiography of architecture in order to adapt to the new digital environment permeating our society.

City and Regional planning should be accompanied by a thorough understanding of the contemporary social dynamics of the place and the implications it has for the people and other species who inhabit and use these places. As a result, territorial planning has been increasingly linked to participatory planning approaches in most politically and fiscally decentralised countries, to create sustainable living spaces through a bottom-up approach. Participatory planning again aiming to translate global solutions locally, giving local accents. The recent Covid19 health and related economic crises brought even more complexity to the planning table, emphasising the need for supplementary stakeholder and public participation using virtual platforms. Thanks to the pandemic crisis, planners across the globe are increasingly engaged with virtual participatory approaches, some with more success than others, due to various social, economic and cultural reasons. In an attempt to contextualise the challenges and opportunities of virtual participatory planning, this paper captures reflections of purposefully selected professional planners, all members of the International Society of City and Regional Planners (ISOCARP), who indicated an affinity with participatory planning approaches and the challenges and opportunities that the virtual platform provides. Specific focus was placed on a) challenges of virtual planning and b) opportunities of virtual participation - to draw conclusions on whether virtual participatory planning is only a hype, or would become the new normal for city and regional planning. ; Editors: Piotr Lorens and Hangwelani Hope Magidimisha