Suchergebnisse

In the small archipelago of Tonga in the Central Pacific an Archaic state developed during the second millennium AD that was one of the most powerful socio-political entities to exist in prehistoric Oceania. The Tongan state was organized by three related chiefly lines who had a profound impact on Tonga's socio-political system over the past 700 years. Tongan elites constructed chiefly tombs and this article considers how their mortuary structures reveal lineage history. During state emergence the first stone-faced tombs were built for the paramount Tu'i Tonga (Lord of Tonga) who is credited with centralizing rule over the islands of the Tonga Group. After state establishment and the creation of a political center at Lapaha, tomb size increased massively with large tombs continuing to be made after lineage fissioning, which is often seen as an event that diminished the power of the paramount. The collapse of the traditional Tu'i Tonga government correlates with the rise of a junior dynasty that constructed large tombs as its influence grew. The comparative study of elite mortuary structures provides new insight to the emergence, rise, and fall of powerful dynasties, and competition among rival chiefly lines in a complex Polynesian society. 2015

In the small archipelago of Tonga in the Central Pacific an Archaic state developed during the second millennium AD that was one of the most powerful socio-political entities to exist in prehistoric Oceania. The Tongan state was organized by three related chiefly lines who had a profound impact on Tonga's socio-political system over the past 700 years. Tongan elites constructed chiefly tombs and this article considers how their mortuary structures reveal lineage history. During state emergence the first stone-faced tombs were built for the paramount Tu'i Tonga (Lord of Tonga) who is credited with centralizing rule over the islands of the Tonga Group. After state establishment and the creation of a political center at Lapaha, tomb size increased massively with large tombs continuing to be made after lineage fissioning, which is often seen as an event that diminished the power of the paramount. The collapse of the traditional Tu'i Tonga government correlates with the rise of a junior dynasty that constructed large tombs as its influence grew. The comparative study of elite mortuary structures provides new insight to the emergence, rise, and fall of powerful dynasties, and competition among rival chiefly lines in a complex Polynesian society. 2015

In May, 2005, the Papua New Guinea (PNG) National Department of Health (NDoH) determined that the Integrated Management of Adult and Adolescent Illness (IMAI) Chronic HIV Care training program, modified for the PNG context, would serve as the basis for the development of teams for the Rapid Scale-Up of HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment. The IMAI Chronic HIV Care training program was developed as a joint effort carried out in a working partnership involving WHO, Geneva, the WHO Regional Office for Africa (AFRO), as well as many international collaborating institutions. Trials and implementation of the program have occurred predominantly on the African continent and to date there has been no research undertaken to examine the effectiveness of the IMAI program as a learning modality for preparing registered nurses to provide comprehensive HIV care. The purpose of this hermeneutic informed interpretive research study is to explore and describe how registered nurses in Papua New Guinea make sense of their learning and implementation of the IMAI training program in providing Comprehensive Care and treatment to people living with HIV/AIDS. The study is a mixed methods study. The rationale for this approach was to better understand the research problem by converging both broad numerical trends from quantitative research and the detail of qualitative research with the intent of producing a richer and more complete picture of the investigated phenomenon. Data collection included a quantitative survey, semi-structured interviews and a focus group. These data informed the development of descriptive accounts that allowed for the subsequent identification of common and divergent themes reflective of factors that influenced nurses learning and implementation of IMAI training. The findings from the quantitative survey revealed that all respondents had a positive impression of the IMAI program and expressed the view that the IMAI program had a positive effect on various aspects of patient care and their learning and experience. Overall, the survey identified that registered nurses who participated in the IMAI Chronic HIV Care training program perceived the program to be beneficial for improving the way HIV care is provided. Three major themes were identified from the qualitative analysis, and under these major themes data was arranged as sub-themes. The three major themes identified were Overcoming Personal Anxiety, Actioning Learning and Identifying Challenges. The qualitative analysis revealed that overwhelmingly, the fear of anxiety of HIV was significant for all participants of the semi-structured interviews. Nurses in the focus group felt that the overt expression of fear given by the interview participants more accurately reflected the reality for the majority of nurses in Papua New Guinea. Most nurses also identified that their participation in the IMAI program contributed to their personal change process and helped them to identify and understand their fear of HIV. Expert patient trainers (EPTs) were a highly valued component of the flexible IMAI training methodology and were seen by nurses as being important both for learning and for assisting them to overcome their personal anxiety created by the fear of HIV. The findings also identified that the key challenge faced by nurses in attempting to implement their learning was that of system issues including a lack of medical supplies, including antiretroviral drugs (ART), lack of staff and an absence of continuing professional education. These issues require enhanced commitment from the NDoH if nurses are to be effective in implementing their learning to provide HIV care and treatment. It is also important that NDoH give support to enable the establishment and implementation of continuing education for nurses providing HIV care and treatment and that the development of processes to ensure the ongoing maintenance of quality in HIV care and treatment training be implemented as a matter of priority. Finally this study has provided an in-depth understanding of the experiences of how registered nurses in Papua New Guinea make sense of their learning and implementation of the IMAI training program in providing comprehensive HIV care and treatment to people living with HIV/AIDS. The current multitude of factors fueling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Papua New Guinea are explored as is the current status of HIV/AIDS in New Guinea, and the multitude of cultural patterns, social, and political factors influencing the spread of HIV within the country. This exploration also undertakes a comprehensive discussion of cultural issues related to gender inequality including a rich description of changing cultural patterns and values in Papua New Guinea. [Appendix J not included in PDF]

This article examines the rise of co-operative life insurance societies and the market for life insurance in the early eighteenth century. Life insurance offered the middling sort in particular an opportunity to associate together for mutual economic protection and also provided them with a means to advance a set of reforming ideals. Until 1774, however, the lack of any legal restrictions on who might insure whom meant that prudential insuring existed alongside gambling on other people's lives, leading to a clash of property interests among the societies' members. Ultimately, a new moral technology was developed that segregated licit from illicit motives for insuring and also curtailed the proprietary rights insurance society members had previously exercised over their own policies, subjecting them instead to an impersonal financial bureaucracy.

Recent examination of materials from the pre‐neolithic (C14 age 7004±165 B.P.‐8909±185B.P.) Asturian occupations of Cantabrian Spain indicates exploitation of two major bodies of animal resources: (1) mammals especially woodland and forest‐edge adapted ungulates (with a secondary concentration on alpine forms) and (2) marine molluscs, with intensive selection for limpets and topshell, littoral species from the intertidal zone. The pattern of site location seems optimal for collection of coastal, forest, and montane resources with a minimum of effort, The composition of shellfish assemblages from the sites suggests that the Asturian occupation witnessed a climatic regimen somewhat warmer than that today.

"Insurance today is a global economic colossus and a fixture in the developed countries of the world. Dependant upon a considerable dose of moral exhortation and enlightened appeal, the insurance industry has become a pervasive agent of social and economic control through its delineation of acceptable (compensated) and unacceptable (uncompensated) risk

The Appeal of Insurance explores how insurance has grown in concert with a clientele largely of its own making. Drawing on the fields of history, sociology, criminology and economics, these essays illuminate the dialectical relationship between the expansion of business and the public demand for economic and social security

I enjoyed reading this volume. It is rare to see such a comprehensive report on hard data published these days, especially one so insightfully contextualised by the editors' introductory and concluding chapters. These scholars and the others involved in the work really know their stuff, and it shows. The editors connect the preoccupations of Pacific archaeologists with those of their colleagues working in other island regions and on "big questions" of colonisation, migration, interaction and patterns and processes of cultural change in hitherto-uninhabited environments. These sorts of outward-looking, big-picture contextual studies are invaluable, but all too often are missing from locally- and regionally-oriented writing, very much to its detriment. In sum, the work strongly advances our understanding of the early prehistory of Fiji through its well-integrated combination of original research and the reinterpretation of existing knowledge in the context of wider theoretical and historical concerns. In doing so The Early Prehistory of Fiji makes a truly substantial contribution to Pacific and archaeological scholarship.