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Issues around the policing of public order and political expression are as topical today as in the past, and are likely to remain so in the future.Janet Clark explores the origins of the National Council for Civil Liberties (the precursor to Liberty) that emerged in 1934 in protest at the policing of political extremes. The book deals with police attempts to discredit the NCCL and the use of intelligence to perpetuate a view of the organisation as a front for the Communist Party. It also examines the state and police responses to this organised criticism of police powers.This book is essential reading for students and lecturers studying British social history, the development of civil liberties and of policing in Britain, as well as anyone interested in this enduring topic. Included is a foreword by Clive Emsley, Emeritus Professor in History at the Open University, and widely regarded as the doyen of police history

Since the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, women's representation in public offices has grown slowly, and women are still greatly underrepresented in most states and in the national government. Since 1975, the women's movement has provided impetus for the steady growth in the numbers of women in office. The number of women in Congress, 31, is the highest ever. Women constitute 18 percent of the state legislatures, 17 percent of state executives, 9 percent of county governing boards, and 14 percent of mayors and city councils. The proportion of women in America's Congress is about half the average for national legislative bodies throughout the world. Many theories have been developed to explain the under-representation of women in politics. Political culture, socialization, and role conflict have all had an impact on women's representation. Discrimination against women by political elites and voters has also existed. Finally, the political structure itself forms barriers to the election of women. Current trends, however, are favorable to the continued gradual increase in the number of women in public office.

Since the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, women's representation in public offices has grown, although women are still greatly underrepresented in most states & in the national government. The number of women in Congress currently is the highest ever. Women constitute 18% of the state legislatures, 17% of state executives, 9% of county governing boards, & 14% of mayors & city councils. The proportion of women in Congress is about 50% the average for national legislative bodies throughout the world. It is suggested that women's underrepresentation in politics can be explained by political culture, socialization, role conflict, discrimination, & the political structure itself. Current trends, however, are favorable to the continued gradual increase in the number of women in public office. 3 Tables. Adapted from the source document.