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The articles by Markowitz and Bowerman (2011) and by Liu and Sibley (2011) highlight the importance of individual behavior and attitudes in addressing climate change, and suggest reasons for optimism about the possibility of individual change. In this comment, I reflect on the role of identity in both studies. Appeals based on personal and group identities have an important role in behavior change.

Both attitudes and behavior toward the environment are affected by the perceived justice of an environmental position. However, both sides in an environmental conflict will usually claim that justice favors their position. Preference for one outcome over another may thus depend on the type of justice that each outcome represents. The author argues that macrojustice principles, such as equality and responsibility, lend themselves more easily to an environmentalist position, whereas microjustice principles, such as equity and procedural justice, are more congenial to an antienvironmentalist position. In the present study, participants were presented with three scenarios in which conflicts had been resolved in either an antienvironmentalist or a proenvironmentalist way. The positions were presented either as promoting individual concerns or based on the concerns of the wider society. Overall, macrojustice arguments were more successful for proenvironmentalist decisions and microjustice arguments were more successful for antienvironmentalist decisions.

This handbook brings together contributions from experts in environmental and/or conservation psychology to review the current state of research. In addition to summarizing current knowledge, it provides an understanding of the relationship between environmental and conservation psychology.

Some lives and some theories / Steven J. Holmes -- Environmental identity: a conceptual and an operational definition / Susan Clayton -- Human identity in relation to wild black bears: a natural-social ecology of subjective creatures / Gene Myers and Ann Russell -- Moralizing trees: anthropomorphism and identity in children's relationships to nature / Ulrich Gebhard, Patricia Nevers, and Elfriede Billmann-Mahecha -- The development of environmental moral identity / Peter H. Kahn, Jr. -- Children's environmental identity: indicators and behavioral impacts / Elisabeth Kals and Heidi Ittner -- The human self and the animal other: exploring borderland identities / Linda Kalof -- Trees and human identity / Robert Sommer -- Identity, involvement, and expertise in the inner city: some benefits of tree-planting projects / Maureen E. Austin and Rachel Kaplan -- Representations of the local environment as threatened by global climate change: toward a contextualized analysis of environmental identity in a coastal area / Volker Linneweber, Gerhard Hartmuth, and Immo Fritsche -- Identity and exclusion in rangland conflict / Susan Opotow and Amara Brook -- Group identity and stakeholder conflict in water resource management / Charles D. Samuelson, Tarla Rai Peterson, and Linda L. Putnam -- Constructing and maintaining ecological identities: the strategies of deep ecologists / Stephen Zavestoski -- Identity and sustained environmental practice / Willett Kempton and Dorothy C. Holland

Conservation psychology is defined as psychological research oriented toward understanding why people help or hurt the natural environment and promoting environmentally sustainable practices (Saunders, 2003). Despite a growing body of research, the field is largely unfamiliar to many psychologists and to those working in the environmental field. Here we make a case for the importance of conservation psychology and describe a model for the social psychology of conservation behavior that focuses on situational context, existing schemas, and personal motives. We hope this model will be useful for policymakers and will prompt new psychological research on the topic of conservation.

We discuss the ideas presented by Renner and Moore. We agree that it is a mistake to justify affirmative action solely in terms of diversity, and we think it is vital to note the continuing disparities in the educational opportunities afforded to White students and to other students. We believe that the views expressed by Renner and Moore present an opportunity to think critically about a number of issues related to affirmative action.

Affirmative action is a controversial policy. Lauded by many, the attempt at social engineering has also been condemned by some as unnecessary and by others as counterproductive to the goal of social equality. As such, affirmative action is ideally situated to benefit from psychological research pertaining to the need for and the effectiveness of the policy. This article discusses both the potential benefits to American society of affirmative action and the potential costs of such a policy. Concluding that affirmative action is useful, we end with a look at ways to make affirmative action programs as effective as possible.

Intro -- Title page -- Table of Contents -- Copyright -- List of contributors -- Preface -- 1. Introduction: Psychology and climate change -- Abstract -- 1.1 Direct impacts of climate change on human society -- 1.2 The role for psychology -- 1.3 Outline of the volume -- 1.4 Summing up -- References -- Part I: Perceptions and Communication -- 2. Perceptions of climate change -- Abstract -- 2.1 What are public perceptions and why do they matter? -- 2.2 How do people perceive climate change? -- 2.3 How have public perceptions of climate change developed over time and across nations? -- 2.4 What influences public perceptions of climate change? -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3. Climate change communication: Challenges, insights, and opportunities -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Why is climate change communication so challenging? -- 3.3 Improving climate change communication efforts -- 3.4 Moving forward: New approaches and future directions -- 3.5 Concluding thoughts -- References -- 4. Social construction of scientifically grounded climate change discussions -- Abstract -- Acknowledgements -- 4.1 Social construction of scientifically grounded climate change discussions -- 4.2 The importance of conversations -- 4.3 Barriers to conversations -- 4.4 Improving conversations -- 4.5 Applying research in practice -- 4.6 Effects of training on educators and visitors to informal science learning centers -- 4.7 Conclusion -- Appendix A Details about study -- References -- 5. A diversity science approach to climate change -- Abstract -- Acknowledgements -- 5.1 A diversity science approach to climate change -- 5.2 Why diversity matters for climate change -- 5.3 Identity influences beyond partisan politics -- 5.4 Motivational barriers across groups -- 5.5 Implications for organizational outreach and policy -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References

"This volume argues that the commitment to justice is a fundamental motive and that, although it is typically portrayed as serving self-interest, it sometimes takes priority over self-interest. To make this case, the authors discuss the way justice emerges as a personal contract in children, ♯s̥ development; review a wide range of research studying the influences of the justice motive on evaluative, emotional, and behavioral responses; and detail common experiences that illustrate the impact of the justice motive. Through an extensive critique of the research on which some alternative models of justice are based, the authors present a model that describes the ways in which motives of justice and self-interest are integrated in people, ♯s̥ lives. They close with a discussion of some positive and negative consequences of the commitment to justice"--

This volume argues that the commitment to justice is a fundamental motive and that, although it is typically portrayed as serving self-interest, it sometimes takes priority over self-interest. To make this case, the authors discuss the way justice emerges as a personal contract in children's development; review a wide range of research studying the influences of the justice motive on evaluative, emotional and behavioral responses; and detail common experiences that illustrate the impact of the justice motive. Through an extensive critique of the research on which some alternative models of justice are based, the authors present a model that describes the ways in which motives of justice and self-interest are integrated in people's lives. They close with a discussion of some positive and negative consequences of the commitment to justice