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Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the cognitive components required for offshore drillers to develop and maintain situation awareness (SA) while controlling subsea hydrocarbon wells. Background: SA issues are often identified as contributing factors to drilling incidents, most recently in the Deepwater Horizon blowout. Yet, there is a limited body of research investigating SA in the offshore drilling environment. Method: In the first study, critical incident interviews were conducted with 18 experienced drilling personnel. Transcripts were subjected to theory-driven thematic analysis, producing a preliminary cognitive framework of how drillers develop and maintain SA during well control. In the second study, 24 hr of observations (in vivo and video) of drillers managing a high fidelity well-control simulator were analyzed to further develop the framework. Results: The cognitive components that enable drillers to build up an understanding of what is happening in the wellbore and surrounding environment, to predict how this understanding may develop, were identified. These components included cue recognition, interpretation of information in conjunction with the current mental model, and projection through mental simulation. Factors such as distracters, expectations, and information sharing between crew members can both positively and negatively influence the drillers' SA. Conclusion: The findings give a preliminary understanding into the components of drillers' SA, highlighting the importance of SA for safe and effective performance and indicating that Endsley's model of SA can be applied to drilling. Application: The results have consequences for training, task management, and work design recommendations.

There is more to a person than a particular symptom or disease: patients are individuals but they are not isolated, they are part of a family, a community, an environment, and all these factors can affect in many different ways how they manage health and illness. This book provides an introduction to population, sociological and psychological influences on health and delivery of healthcare in the UK and will equip today s medical students with the knowledge required to be properly prepared for clinical practice in accordance with the outcomes of Tomorrow s Doctors

Acknowledgements We would like to thank all our study participants for their valuable input into the study and all those who set up and supported the programme. In particular, thank you to Professor Rona Patey, Professor Stephen Davies, Dr Wendy Dollery, Anna Johnston, Dr Christine Kay, Professor Colin Lumsden, Dr Pietro Marini, Dr Sally Middleton, Sarah Miller, Gwen Smith, Laura Young. In addition, we would like to thank Pat Maclennan for all administrative support and Scottish Government for granting the funding. Funding The programme and work was supported by Scottish Goverment. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Funding The first author received a scholarship from the government of Kuwait to do this work. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

MSS1 and MSS2 were supported by grants from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government (references CZG/2/412 and CZH/4/945). We are grateful to the general practitioners and patients who participated in these studies. ; Peer reviewed ; Postprint

Acknowledgements This study was funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government, grant CZH_4_495. ; Peer reviewed ; Postprint

Background: A strong and self confident primary care workforce can deliver the highest quality care and outcomes equitably and cost effectively. To meet the increasing demands being made of it, primary care needs its own thriving research culture and knowledge base. Methods: Review of recent developments supporting primary care clinical research. Results: Primary care research has benefited from a small group of passionate leaders and significant investment in recent decades in some countries. Emerging from this has been innovation in research design and focus, although less is known of the effect on research output. Conclusion: Primary care research is now well placed to lead a broad re-vitalisation of academic medicine, answering questions of relevance to practitioners, patients, communities and Government. Key areas for future primary care research leaders to focus on include exposing undergraduates early to primary care research, integrating this early exposure with doctoral and postdoctoral research career support, further expanding cross disciplinary approaches, and developing useful measures of output for future primary care research investment.