Suchergebnisse

This paper provides calculations of the forward, backward and total linkages in the Brazilian economy in 1975. The results cast doubt on the proposition that the Brazilian model of economic development has been linkage-intensive. State investment tends to be located in sectors with high total linkages, such as metallurgy and chemicals; nevertheless, the state is absent in other high linkage activities. Hence, while Brazilian economic policy may have helped foment a vertically integrated industrial economy, the success of this endeavor cannot be attributed to conscious government effort to promote linkage-intensive economic activities

Pension reform is high on the agenda of many advanced and emerging market economies, for many reasons. First, public pensions often constitute a large share of government expenditure. Second, population aging means that reforms would be needed just to keep pension spending from rising in the future. Third, in many economies, low or falling pension coverage will leave large segments of the population without adequate income in old age and at risk of falling into poverty. Although a number of studies have assessed the effects of pension reforms on fiscal sustainability, a systematic analysis of equity issues in pension systems—and how countries have grappled with these issues—has yet to be undertaken. This book brings together the latest research on equity issues related to pension systems and pension reforms in the post-crisis world. Some of the key issues covered include: the effect of pension systems on intergenerational equity and the impact of pension reforms on poverty, the effects of pension reform measures on fiscal sustainability and equity, and the fiscal consequences of achieving different equity goals. It also presents country case studies. The volume provides a rich menu of material to assist policymakers and academic audiences seeking to understand the latest research in this area, as well as the lessons and challenges for the design of reforms

This paper examines trends in government spending in Latin America from the mid-1990s to 2006. It also examines key policy issues, including the cyclicality of spending, public investment, public employment, and social expenditures. It finds that primary expenditures have trended upward for the past ten years as a share of GDP, driven by increases in current spending, in particular for social expenditures. Fluctuations in real spending have continued to follow a procyclical pattern. The paper finds that there is substantial scope to improve the efficiency of public investment, public employmen

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Fiscal Policy for Economic Development: An Overview -- Fiscal Policy, Expenditure Composition, and Growth in Low-Income Countries -- Persistence of Fiscal Adjustments and Expenditure Composition in Low-Income Countries -- Growth, Governance, and Fiscal Policy Transmission Channels in Low-Income Countries -- External Debt, Public Investment, and Growth in Low-Income Countries -- A Framework for Fiscal Debt Sustainability Analysis in Low-Income Countries -- Experience with Budgetary Convergence in the WAEMU -- The Effectiveness of Government Spending on Education and Health Care in Developing and Transition Economies -- Public Spending on Health Care and the Poor -- User Payments for Basic Education in Low-Income Countries -- The Efficiency of Government Expenditure: Experiences from Africa -- Tax Policy in Developing Countries: Some Lessons from the 1990s and Some Challenges Ahead -- Social Impact of a Tax Reform: The Case of Ethiopia -- Foreign Aid and Revenue Response: Does the Composition of Aid Matter? -- More Aid-Making It Work for the Poor -- Aid and Fiscal Management -- Foreign Aid and Consumption Smoothing: Evidence from Global Food Aid -- Fiscal Consequences of Armed Conflict and Terrorism in Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- A Comparison Between Two Public Expenditure Management Systems in Africa.

En este artículo se examinan las tendencias del gasto público en América Latina desde mediados de la década de 1990 hasta el año 2006. También se analizan aspectos clave de política, como la naturaleza cíclica del gasto, la inversión pública, el empleo público y el gasto social. Se concluye que el gasto primario como porcentaje del producto interno bruto ha tendido a aumentar en los últimos 10 años, impulsado por el incremento del gasto corriente, sobre todo del gasto social. El gasto real ha seguido variando en forma procíclica. Se constata que es posible mejorar considerablemente la eficiencia de la inversión pública, el empleo público y el gasto social. (Rev CEPAL/GIGA)