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Abstract.  Early exhaustible resource economics provides an important foundation for recent suggestions that firm‐level economic modeling plays a larger role in the analysis of resource scarcity. The lack of empirical support for Hotelling's r‐percent rule, introduced in 1931, and recent suggestions that industry behavior may not be reducible to firm behaviors are the primary motivating factors for examining the relative value of Gray's contribution to the field of exhaustible resource economics relative to Hotelling's contribution. Specifically, Gray's papers that appeared in the 1910s provide insight into the heterogeneity of deposits and their spatial dimensions, and offer the possibility that firms will be subject to fixed costs carried over between periods. In this paper, the arguments presented by Gray are formalized in a dynamic model, which allows the differences between Gray's and Hotelling's assumptions to be more fully explored. The results of the paper illustrate that by considering spatially identifiable heterogeneous deposits, fixed costs, and entry costs, in general Hotelling's r‐percent rule is not a sufficient condition for firm‐level decision making and that firms' extraction behavior cannot be linearly aggregated to describe industry behavior.

This article analyzes how a meta-organization (M-O) can shape a coherent collective identity over time. Previous foundational work on identity formation in M-Os has provided fragmented but insightful ideas on several activities that this process entails. However, we currently lack a dynamic, integrative, and empirically supported model that demonstrates how these activities interrelate to shape a coherent collective identity over time. Using an in-depth case study of an association of cider producers in Québec (Canada) over a 23-year period, we develop a model of collective identity dynamics, in which an M-O plays an orchestrator role that is both dual and continuous. On the one hand, an M-O balances the internal identity claims of its organizational members through alignment and differentiation. On the other hand, an M-O builds an externally coherent identity by assembling and positioning legitimacy among institutional actors. Our paper provides new insights into activities performed by an M-O during identity creation by analyzing whether this process includes both organizational and institutional actors, thereby reinforcing the intermediary nature of an M-O. Furthermore, it contributes to the collective identity dynamics literature by elaborating the stabilizing role of a bounded organization in collective identity dynamics at the interorganizational level.

Plant-derived vaccines may soon displace conventional vaccines. Assuming there are no major technological barriers undermining the feasibility of this innovative technology, it is worthwhile to generate quantitative models of regulatory burden of producing and diffusing plant-derived vaccines in industrialized and developing countries. A dynamic simulation model of technology diffusion -- and the data to populate it -- has been generated for studying regulatory barriers in the diffusion of plant-derived vaccines. The role of regulatory burden is evaluated for a variety of scenarios in which plant-derived vaccines are produced and diffused. This model relates the innovative and conventional vaccine technologies and the effects of the impact of the uptake of the innovative technology on mortality and morbidity. This case study demonstrates how dynamic simulation models can be used to assess the long-term potential impact of novel technologies in terms of a variety of socio-economic indicators. ; The authors gratefully acknowledge support from Genome Canada through the Ontario Genomics Institute and from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada supported Intellectual Property Modeling Group. ; Includes bibliographical references

Intellectual property rights, including patents, structure innovation and allocate the benefits and costs of innovation. The article describes four deficiencies in understanding these rights regarding biotechnology patents. The authors contend that: 1) different disciplines possess assumptions about the working of patents that are based neither in fact nor in theory, 2) the fragmented approach to analyzing intellectual property rights leads to research results that can be misleading, and 3) the national and international property policy is often formed based on these incomplete or misleading research results. To address these deficiencies, the authors are currently developing a transdisciplinary approach to intellectual property rights, which uses a set of seven transdisciplinary and evaluative probes based on the results of research conducted to date, outlined here. The article also describes how this approach provides a more comprehensive analysis of patent systems to help academics and policy-makers examine the operation of patent systems in their social contexts.

Tiré de la 14e Conférence des techniques d'analyse entrée-sortie, tenue à Montréal en octobre 2002, cet ouvrage présente les derniers travaux d'économistes de renom. En utilisant les méthodes et techniques d'analyse macroéconomiques par entrée-sortie les plus récentes, ils analysent des problèmes complexes et interdépendants, comme le réchauffement de la planète, la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l'agriculture canadienne et l'innovation technologique