[ES] Esta tesis, mediante un estudio jurídico comparativo entre la legislación española y portuguesa, analiza los aspectos legislativos relevantes que puedan incidir sobre la insolvencia de los consumidores personas físicas, además de sistematizar el camino entre el surgimiento de la insolvencia y la forma de conclusión del proceso. ; [EN] This thesis, by a comparative legal study Spanish and Portuguese law, analyzes the relevant legislative aspects that may impact on the insolvency of individuals consumers, in addition to systematize the way between the rise of insolvency and how to complete the process
Workshop, Horta 18-20 June 2002. ; […] The present Workshop was conceived keeping in mind the ongoing research activities offshore of Azores, to great extent within the Portuguese EEZ, taking full advantage of the proximity of some of the most interesting hydrothermal vents site, of Horta2. It took also into account the ongoing steps and negotiations aiming at the establishment of a Deep-Sea Observatory (SANTOS et al. 2002), as a common infrastructure, eventually, to be inserted within the "European Research Area" (ERA) (BOISSONAS et al. 2002), hoping to mobilize support to such an observation tool, by interested national and other partners, as well as by European Union, eventually under the 6th Framework Programme, or other appropriate scheme. In order to respond to such stimulating challenges, the Workshop devoted its first part to make the point of the situation on the state of art and science knowledge on the vent fields, management of high seas and other relevant experiences dealing with marine protected areas. The second part of the Workshop was devoted to analyse and develop guidelines on legal and institutional arrangements and mechanisms, zonation and the development of elements for a code of conduct, having in mind the establishment of an appropriate conservation scheme. […] ; FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia; INTERREG III B; FEDER ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
ABSTRACT The chapter provides a brief introduction to the underlying causes of climate change in the deep ocean, and the mechanisms by which these affect deep-ocean ecosystems (Figure 2). Climate change is interpreted in the broad sense here and incorporates the many changes in ocean environments linked to atmospheric and ocean warming and/ or ocean acidification, including oxygen loss, changes in POC flux to depth, altered hydrodynamics and circulation, as well as bentho-pelagic coupling.
ABSTRACT Despite considerable technological advances in recent decades that have enabled the ecosystems of the deeper parts of the oceans to be discovered and explored, large knowledge gaps still exist on the biology and ecology of such ecosystems. This is largely due to challenges related to observation and experimentation in situ, and to maintaining deepwater species under ex situ experimental conditions. Deep-sea organisms have evolved life strategies and physiological adaptations (e.g. slow metabolism and growth rates, high longevity, and late maturity) that allow them to succeed in the cold and generally food-limited deep-sea environment but that may partially impair their ability to physiologically compensate for and adapt to changes in climate. Therefore, a deeper understanding of species' biological and ecological traits, as well as their tolerance thresholds to single and cumulative climatic stressors (e.g. temperature and nutrition, pH and O2) is much needed. Most experiments to date have been conducted under short-term (i.e. acute) conditions, thereby hindering the mechanisms potentially involved in species resilience and acclimation. Studies addressing the impact of climate change on species gametogenesis, reproductive output, or larval development and physiology are also largely lacking. While efforts continue to build a knowledge base on the impacts over the physiological and ecological processes affecting individual species, it is also necessary to start to address the impacts that climate change will have on wider ecosystem functioning.
Correction to: Scientific Reports https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52250-1, published online 01 Novenber 2019 The original version of this Article contained errors in the Abstract. "Sponge biomass surfaces created from research survey data using both random forest modeling and a gridded surface revealed 231,140 t of sponges in the area. About 65% of that biomass was protected by current fisheries closures." now reads: "Sponge biomass surface created from research survey data using random forest modeling revealed 231,136 t of sponges in the area. About 42% of that biomass was protected by current fisheries closures." This error has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
ABSTRACT Deep-sea sponge grounds are vulnerable marine ecosystems, which through their benthic-pelagic coupling of nutrients, are of functional relevance to the deep-sea realm. The impact of fishing bycatch is here evaluated for the first time at a bathyal, sponge-dominated ecosystem in the high seas managed by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization. Sponge biomass surfaces created from research survey data using both random forest modeling and a gridded surface revealed 231,140 t of sponges in the area. About 65% of that biomass was protected by current fisheries closures. However, projections of trawling tracks estimated that the sponge biomass within them would be wiped out in just 1 year by the current level of fishing activity if directed on the sponges. Because these sponges filter 56,143 ± 15,047 million litres of seawater daily, consume 63.11 ± 11.83 t of organic carbon through respiration, and affect the turnover of several nitrogen nutrients, their removal would likely affect the delicate ecological equilibrium of the deep-sea benthic ecosystem. We estimated that, on Flemish Cap, the economic value associated with seawater filtration by the sponges is nearly double the market value of the fish catch. Hence, fishery closures are essential to reach sponge conservation goals as economic drivers cannot be relied upon. ; DATA AVAILABILITY: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. Data from Canadian research vessel surveys are deposited in the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) at http://obiscanada.marinebiodiversity.ca/or http://www.iobis.org/. Spanish/EU data are available at Figshare with the https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1165479. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This research has been performed within the scope of the SponGES project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 679849. This document reflects only the authors' views and the Executive Agency for ...
In the Archipelago of the Azores, over 110,000 km2 of marine areas presently benefit from some form of protection, including a suite of coastal habitats, offshore areas, seamounts, hydrothermal vents, and large parcels of mid-ocean ridge. These areas are integrated in the recently established network of marine protected areas (MPAs), which stands as the cornerstone of Azorean marine conservation policies. This article describes and analyses the process of MPA establishment in the Azores and the current network of protected areas. Three phases of MPA development are identified, progressing from individual MPA establishment with little scientific support in the 1980s, the increasing scope of scientific research during the 1990s under European Union initiatives and the gradual implementation of an MPA network in the 2000s. Expert critical evaluation of the contemporary situation demonstrates that this network must be integrated within a wider regional marine management strategy, with MPA success being contingent upon the implementation of management plans, appropriate enforcement and monitoring, and bridging gaps in scientific knowledge ; Thisworkispartoftheresearchproject"2020:toward ecosystem-basedmanagementoftheAzoresmarine resources,biodiversityandhabitatsM2.1.2/I/026/2011." FCT/MCTESprovidedindividualfundingsupporttoRA (SFRH/BD/46621/2008),ACwassupportedbyProgram InvestigadorFCT(IF/00029/2014/CP1230/CT0002)from FCTandPA(Ciência2007and2008).IMAR-DOP/UAz isResearchandDevelopmentunitno.531andLARSyS- AssociatedLaboratoryno.9fundedbythePortuguese FoundationforScienceandTechnology(FCT)through FCT—Pest/OE/EEI/LA0009/2011–2014(COMPETE,QERN, andOE)andbytheAzoresFundScienceandTechnology (FRTC)Pro-ConvergenciaandRAA.
ABSTRACT Few studies have described the effects of physical disturbance and post-recovery of deep-sea benthic communities. Here, we explore the status of deep-sea sponge ground communities four years after being impacted by an experimental bottom trawl. The diversity and abundance of epibenthic megafauna of two distinct benthic communities in disturbed versus control areas were surveyed using a remotely operated vehicle on the Schulz Bank, Arctic Ocean. Four years after disturbance, megafaunal densities of the shallow (∼600 m depth) and deep (∼1,400 m depth) sites were significantly lower on the disturbed patches compared to the control areas. Multivariate analyses revealed a distinct separation between disturbed and control communities for both sites, with trawling causing 29–58% of the variation. Many epibenthic morphotypes were significantly impacted by the trawl, including ascidians, Geodia parva, Hexactinellida spp., Craniella infrequens, Lissodendoryx complicata, Haliclonia sp. Stylocordyla borealis, Gersemia rubiformis and Actiniaria sp. However, we found some smaller morphospecies to be equally abundant with control transects, including Polymastia thielei, Geodia hentscheli, and Stelletta rhaphidiophora, reflecting lower trawl impact for these morphotypes. Overall, our results suggest that these are fragile ecosystems that require much more time than four years to recover from physical disturbance typical of trawling activities. ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to the SponGES team for their guidance, advice on our study design, and help with epifaunal morphospecies identification in the image data. Thanks to the IMAR staff for providing office space and resources. And thanks to the G.O.Sars crew, AEGIR6000 crew, and science team that carried out the ROV surveys. Finally, we would like to dedicate this contribution to our friend and colleague Hans Tore Rapp. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS CP and KM conceived and carried out the study. HM, ER, and HR advised on identification of species and analysis methods. KM ...
Este artículo contiene 13 páginas, 3 figuras, 4 tablas. ; Deep-sea sponge grounds are vulnerable marine ecosystems, which through their benthic-pelagic coupling of nutrients, are of functional relevance to the deep-sea realm. The impact of fishing bycatch is here evaluated for the first time at a bathyal, sponge-dominated ecosystem in the high seas managed by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization. Sponge biomass surfaces created from research survey data using both random forest modeling and a gridded surface revealed 231,140 t of sponges in the area. About 65% of that biomass was protected by current fisheries closures. However, projections of trawling tracks estimated that the sponge biomass within them would be wiped out in just 1 year by the current level of fishing activity if directed on the sponges. Because these sponges filter 56,143 ± 15,047 million litres of seawater daily, consume 63.11 ± 11.83 t of organic carbon through respiration, and affect the turnover of several nitrogen nutrients, their removal would likely affect the delicate ecological equilibrium of the deep-sea benthic ecosystem. We estimated that, on Flemish Cap, the economic value associated with seawater filtration by the sponges is nearly double the market value of the fish catch. Hence, fishery closures are essential to reach sponge conservation goals as economic drivers cannot be relied upon. ; This research has been performed within the scope of the SponGES project, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 679849. This document reflects only the authors' views and the Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. The EU groundfish surveys in the NAFO area were co-funded by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), the Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), the Spanish Institute for Marine Research Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (IIM-CSIC) and the European Union through the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) within the National Program of collection, management and use of data in the fisheries sector and support for scientific advice regarding the Common Fisheries Policy. AC is supported by Program Investigador (IF/00029/2014/CP1230/CT0002) from FCT. This study had also the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic projects UID/MAR/04292/2013 granted to MARE. Fisheries and Oceans, Canada provided support through their International Governance Strategy project funds (Science Advice in Support of the 2020 NAFO Review of Closed Areas to Protect Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems in the NRA) to EK. ; Peer reviewed
