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Frontmatter -- Contents -- Boxes -- Introduction -- PART I: THEORY -- CHAPTER 1 Representation, Liberty and Democracy -- CHAPTER 2 The Origins of Democracy -- CHAPTER 3 The Emergence of Representative Democracy -- PART II: PRACTICE -- CHAPTER 4 The Westminster Model -- CHAPTER 5 Critiques of British Democracy -- CHAPTER 6 The Remedies -- CHAPTER 7 Conclusion: The Puzzle of Participation -- References -- Index

Recent academic studies and wider commentary on the behaviour of Liberal Democrat MPs have recognised their relatively high level of cohesiveness on whipped votes when compared to that of Labour and the Conservatives, and to the Liberal Democrats' own reputation; but while this trend continues, few studies have focused upon its causes. This article uses the MPs' voting records, personal papers, interviews and wider contextual data to chart the extent of that unity over time, and to explore its origins, including group composition, structure, patronage, relations with the extra-parliamentary party and other parties as well as national party image. It finds the key to this unity in a combination of medium and long-term features of the Liberal and Liberal Democrat group of MPs, rather than a short-term singular determinant.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of boxes -- Introduction: What are Parties For? -- Part I: The Major Parties -- 1. The Labour Party -- 2. The Conservative Party -- Part II: The Minor Parties -- 3. The Liberal Democrats -- 4. Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Parties -- Part III: Peripheral Parties -- Introduction -- 5. Right-wing Peripheral Parties -- 6. Left-wing Peripheral Parties -- 7. Other Peripheral Parties and Independent Candidates -- 8. Conclusion: What Kind of Party System? -- References -- Index

ObjectivesTo investigate the extent to which firm sorting effects influence the refugee-native earning gap in the Netherlands, and to examine the role of pay-setting effects in widening or narrowing the gap.
MethodUsing Dutch wage and refugee registration data from 2014 to 2021, we employ a two-way effects model, also called the AKM model, and the Blinder-Oxaca decompose model, in order to decompose the refugee-native pay gap into firm sorting and pay-setting effects.
ResultsOur findings indicate that refugees in the Netherlands earn only a third of the average earnings of native workers and that 17% of the pay gap can be explained by firm sorting effects. Pay-setting effects are found to be negative, indicating that the pay-setting channel works to reduce pay gaps between natives and refugees. Limited access to higher-paying firms may lead to a mismatch between refugees' abilities and earnings, exacerbating the adverse impact of firm sorting.
ConclusionTo promote refugee economic assimilation, higher-paying firms should provide accessible job opportunities based on fair assessments of refugees' skills. Our analysis underscores the importance of understanding and addressing the role of firm sorting in widening refugee-native pay gaps, and highlights the potential of pay-setting effects to reduce such gaps.