Suchergebnisse

This essay looks at the problem of border enforcement by developed nations & their attempts to control illegal migration. It puts this focus on the border in the context of liberal political theory & the question of national membership, & argues that such membership cannot be morally justified in liberal terms. The only consistent position is what I describe as "liberal realism," that liberal freedoms & institutions work to the benefit of members of the liberal nation state, & therefore that it is in the interests of those members to protect these freedoms & institutions from "outsiders." However, I argue, this cannot be a moral justification of membership controls. The essay concludes by asking why developed nations continue to invest in border controls when the evidence is that internal policing of membership control would be more effective. I suggest that we can see this investment at the national border as an attempt to preserve a liberal "inside" from the illiberal "outside," rather than imposing illiberal surveillance of the citizen/non-citizen boundary within the liberal interior. Adapted from the source document.

To inform risk assessment and regulatory decision-making, the relationship between 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and prostate cancer requires clarification. This article systematically and critically reviews the epidemiologic evidence on the association between exposure to TCDD or Agent Orange, a TCDD-contaminated herbicide used during the Vietnam War, and prostate cancer risk. Articles evaluated include 11 studies of three cohorts, four case–control or cross-sectional studies, and three case-only studies of military veterans with information on estimated Agent Orange or TCDD exposure; 13 studies of seven cohorts, one case–control study, and eight proportionate morbidity or mortality studies of Vietnam veterans without information on Agent Orange exposure; 11 cohort studies of workers with occupational exposure to TCDD; and two studies of one community cohort with environmental exposure to TCDD. The most informative studies, including those of Vietnam veterans involved in Agent Orange spraying or other handling, herbicide manufacturing or spraying workers with occupational TCDD exposure, and community members exposed to TCDD through an industrial accident, consistently reported no significant increase in prostate cancer incidence or mortality. Only some potentially confounded studies of Vietnam veterans compared with the general population, studies with unreliable estimates of Agent Orange exposure, and analyses of selected subgroups of Vietnam veterans reported positive associations. Overall, epidemiologic research offers no consistent or convincing evidence of a causal relationship between exposure to Agent Orange or TCDD and prostate cancer. More accurate exposure assessment is needed in large epidemiologic studies to rule out a causal association more conclusively.