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This study used a controlled experiment to investigate the effects of a story subject's race on black journalism students' ethical reasoning by changing only the race of the people in the photographs. Contrary to what in-group and identification theories would predict, these black students did not show preference to people of their own race in ethical dilemmas; instead they treated both blacks and whites as equals. Seeing photographs also had an effect on ethical reasoning; those who saw photographs, regardless of race, made significantly better ethical decisions than those who did not.

Two experiments explored the effects of photographs on ethical decision making in the journalism domain. Both found that photographs improved participants' ethical reasoning and identified mental elaboration as significant in that process: thinking about the people affected by an ethical situation helped improve ethical reasoning. Involvement also was important; when participants were not very involved with the dilemmas, having photographs significantly improved their ethical reasoning. Theoretical explanations for why and how this occurs are offered, building upon moral development theory.

A controlled experiment is used to investigate the effects of race of news subjects on journalists' ethical reasoning. In this study, race of the people in the ethical dilemmas presented had a significant effect on ethical reasoning. When participants knew the race because they saw photographs, their ethical reasoning scores were higher when the people in the ethical dilemmas were white than when they were African American.

This study examined agenda-setting differences between those aged 18 to 34 and two older generations. Using two surveys with statewide random samples and content analyses for each, it found that the agenda of issues important to young adults was correlated with the media's issue agenda (rho= .80 and .90). For the heaviest Internet users, who were more likely to be in the two youngest age groups, the correlation was .70. Although the youngest generation used traditional media such as newspapers and television significantly less frequently than older generations, and used the Internet significantly more often, this differential media use did not eliminate the agenda-setting influence.

This study expands the theory of second-level agenda setting to include affective framing of candidates conveyed through visual information during the 2000 presidential campaign. Network TV news coverage included nonverbal behavior for Al Gore that was more positive than George Bush's, and those who watched more were significantly more likely to hold attitudes that mirrored the media portrayals.

This study gathered baseline data on the moral development of 249 professional journalists. Journalists scored fourth highest among professionals tested, ranking behind seminarians/philosophers, medical students, and physicians, but above dental students, nurses, graduate students, undergraduate college students, veterinary students, and adults in general. No significant differences were found between various groups of journalists, including men and women, and broadcast and print journalists; journalists who did civic journalism or investigative reporting scored significantly higher than those who did not. A regression analysis points to five factors predictive of higher moral development in journalists—doing investigative journalism, a high degree of choice at work, moderate religiosity, a strong internal sense of right and wrong, and viewing rules and law as less important than other factors.

The importance of image and affect in politics -- Historical traces and relevant concepts -- The role of information processing -- The methods behind the research: how we did these studies -- The two levels of agenda setting: issues and attributes -- Visual cues in the formation of affect -- The valence of affect: accentuate the negative or put your best foot forward? -- The make-up of affect: emotions and traits -- New media and demographic differences in agenda setting -- An international investigation of affective agendas -- What we know about affect and implications for democracy.

This study tracks the affective agendas in the media's portrayals of the nonverbal behavior of the 2016 presidential candidates, and then shows how these media portrayals are related to voters' emotional valence. It also gauges the relationship of disgust to voting intention, comparing it with anger, fear, hope, and pride, as well as other established demographic predictors and party affiliation. Findings show that valence-based emotions as conveyed via candidates' nonverbal behaviors are associated with viewers' emotional valence; that is, emotional-affective agenda setting has occurred. It also demonstrates that disgust predicts vote choice as well or better than anger and fear.

This study examines the impact of affect on candidate evaluation and voting intention by conducting an experiment using three treatments: positive, negative, and neutral nonverbal expressions of a fictional congressional office-seeker. Three issues were addressed in the TV interviews. Results show that candidate image exerts a stronger influence on viewers' voting intention than the candidate's stance on issues, controlling for viewers' prior attitudes toward those issues. In addition, negative affect is more powerful than positive, reinforcing the belief that making a good impression will not help a candidate as much as a bad impression will hurt.