Suchergebnisse

"The first instance of a sporadic civilian Far East strain influenza infection is contained in this report. Reported by Dr. William Jordan, Western Reserve University, College of Medicine, the patient was a 27-year-old hospital orderly. Several other isolations of Far East strains from civilian population groups are noted below. No laboratory diagnosis of the Grinnell, Iowa outbreak is yet available. Influenza-like illnesses have occurred in some of the homeward-bound delegates in several other states. These include Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and Colorado. Dr. S.S. Chapman, Director, Public Health Laboratories, Kentucky State Health Department, has reported a Far East strain influenza virus from Grinnell delegate who lives in Kentucky. As reported in CDC Influenza Report no. 1, the outbreak at a conference in Davis, California, has also been demonstrated to be due to the Far East strain influenza virus. An additional outbreak of febrile respiratory disease is reported from California. At Camp Pendleton, near Oceanside, over 300 cases have occurred among 40,000 men stationed at the camp. Highest attack rates are among recently recruited troops. At present, California remains the most active state in terms of influenza and influenza-like illness outbreaks. Included in this report are clinical and epidemiological studies from Newport, Rhode Island, Naval Station (CDC Influenza Report 1-B), which serve to emphasize several points: Clinical illness is mild; about 1/3 of an exposed population is affected; cramped living quarters appear to serve as a "provoking factor". While outbreaks progressed on shipboard, only sporadic cases of febrile respiratory disease occurred on shore. To date infection with Far East strain influenza virus has been reported in San Diego, Monterey, Davis, and San Francisco, California; Cleveland, Ohio; Lexington, Kentucky; and Newport, Rhode Island. Both military and civilian personnel are presently involved." - p. [1] ; I. Summary of information -- II. Epidemic and case reports -- III. Progress reports -- IV. Influenza virus studies -- V. Summary tables - cases and outbreaks -- Addendum [Pennsylvania, Valley Forge] ; "July 12, 1957." ; "For official use only; not for publication." - cover ; "Information contained in this report is a summary of data reported to CDC by State Health Departments, Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers, collaborating influenza diagnostic laboratories, and other pertinent sources. Much if it is preliminary in nature and is primarily in nature and is primarily intended for those involved in influenza control activities. It is understood that the contents of these report will not be released to the press, except by the Office of the Surgeon General, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. State Health Officers, of course, will judge the advisability of releasing any information from their own state." - cover

"Far East strain influenza virus has been identified in throat washings from Boy Scouts at the International Jamboree. These specimens come from heavily affected groups. Washings from sporadic cases in other groups have not yet been reported. With the frequent contact of many groups, wide dispersion of the virus in probable. An outbreak of febrile respiratory illness among 380 homeward-bound scouts is noted in this bulletin. One thousand six hundred forty-six Boy Scouts, who attended the Jamboree, sailed for a Jubilee encampment in England. Since 1460 sailed on one liner some crowding during passage is expected. Influenza-like outbreaks continue to occur in military installations. An air squadron from San Diego experienced illnesses soon after arrival at Corpus Christi, Texas, early in July. Reserve officers from many western states, Alaska, and Hawaii, in training at Fort Lewis, Washington, also reported an unusual number of cases of febrile respiratory illness. Laboratory confirmed Far East strain influenza has been reported from a summer encampment in Kentucky. Earliest cases occurred in three Californians about July 12. A ship from the Orient, with many cases of influenza-like illness en route, docked in Seattle, Washington, on July 17. Seventeen patients with acute illness were hospitalized. The description of an influenza outbreak in civilian urban areas of the Federation of Malaya is contained in the present report. Explosive spread of the illness is noted. Far East strain influenza has now been confirmed in widely separated parts of the country. Seasonal peculiarities of the illness have probably impeded widespread outbreaks. So-called seeding has presumably occurred over a wide are but the nature and extent of such seeding is presently unknown." - p. [1] ; I. Summary of information – II. Epidemic and case reports – III. Progress reports – IV. A Civilian outbreak in Malaya – V. Summary tables-cases and outbreaks ; Summary tables-cases and outbreaks: Table I. Confirmed outbreaks and casees of influenza due to Far East strains, United States, June 1-July 22, 1957 -- Table II. Unconfirmed influenza-like illness, outbreaks - United States, June 1-July 22, 1957 -- Table III. Outbreaks of febrile respiratory disease - etiology other than influenza or no specimens obtainedable, June 1-July 22, 1957 ; "July 22, 1957." ; Includes map: Influenza : Far Eastern strain, 1957 : Confirmed cases, Confirmed and suspect outbreaks ; "For official use only; not for publication." - cover ; "Information contained in this report is a summary of data reported to CDC by State Health Departments, Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers, collaborating influenza diagnostic laboratories, and other pertinent sources. Much if it is preliminary in nature and is primarily in nature and is primarily intended for those involved in influenza control activities. It is understood that the contents of these report will not be released to the press, except by the Office of the Surgeon General, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. State Health Officers, of course, will judge the advisability of releasing any information from their own state." - cover

"Further small outbreaks among Boy Scouts returned from the Jamboree. These have been reported from Texas and two areas in Alabama. At least one additional outbreak has been reported from a military facility in California. Another local outbreak of influenza-like illness has occurred among migrant workers in Sonoma County, California. At present, only small groups among these workers have been involved. Due to some difficulty in performing hemagglutination-inhibition tests with currently available antigen, isolates from several outbreaks have so far been grouped only by complement-fixation tests. Influenza A virus has been identified in some outbreaks listed in Table II. These will not be noted until confirmation of Asian strain virus has been obtained." - p. 2 ; I. Summary of information – II. Epidemic and case reports – III. Progress reports – IV. An Influenza outbreak among Naval shore personnel – V. Summary tables-cases and outbreaks ; Summary tables-cases and outbreaks: Table I. Confirmed outbreaks and cases of influenza due to Far East strains, United States, June 1-July 29, 1957 -- Table II. Unconfirmed influenza-like illness, outbreaks - United States, June 1-July 29, 1957 -- Table III. Outbreaks of febrile respiratory disease - etiology other than influenza or no specimens obtainable, June 1-July 29, 1957 -- Table IV. Reported influenza-like illness among returning delegates from Grinnell (Iowa) Conference through July 29, 1957 -- Table V. Reported outbreaks of influenza-like illness among Boy Scouts returning from Jamboree through July 25, 1957 (see CDC influenza progress report 6-E) ; "July 27, 1957." ; Includes map: Influenza : Far Eastern strain, 1957 : Confirmed cases, Confirmed and suspect outbreaks. ; "For official use only; not for publication." - cover ; "Information contained in this report is a summary of data reported to CDC by State Health Departments, Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers, collaborating influenza diagnostic laboratories, and other pertinent sources. Much if it is preliminary in nature and is primarily in nature and is primarily intended for those involved in influenza control activities. It is understood that the contents of these report will not be released to the press, except by the Office of the Surgeon General, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. State Health Officers, of course, will judge the advisability of releasing any information from their own state." - cover

"Influenza and pneumonia deaths reported from 108 United States cities remained at approximately the level, normal for the season, of the past six weeks. All Divisions remained close to or below the normal thresholds except the Middle Atlantic. This Division showed an increase in deaths to 181 from the levels of the previous six weeks which ranged between 130 and 157 deaths. The increasing influenza and pneumonia mortality of the past three weeks on New York City (see page 4) appears to be the primary cause of this Divisional increase. Through the first, week of April 1959 the Influenza Surveillance Unit has received reports of influenza-like illness causing outbreaks and increased school absenteeism in 29 States and the District of Columbia. Sixteen States and the District have now confirmed the presence of influenza Type B within their States. Asian (A2) influenza has been reported only from California, New York, and Florida. As in past weeks industrial absentee rates remain normal for the season, and there have been few reports of outbreaks primarily affecting adults. This report includes a summary of the international status of influenza during the period from January 1 to March 31, 1959. Thirteen countries have now confirmed the presence of Asian (A2) influenza, while Type B has been detected in eleven countries; and Type C in two. Nine other countries have experienced outbreaks of influenza-like illness but have not confirmed them to be due to influenza. At this writing South America, the Middle East, Australia, and most of Africa appear to have been free of influenza since January although the absence of a report from a county or continent does not necessarily imply that there has been no influenza in that area. Part IV of this report presents a brief discussion of the status of the Type A influenza classification situation." - p. 2 ; I. Summary of information -- II. Current analysis of influenza in the United States -- III. International notes -- IV. Influenza nomenclature -- Current analysis of influenza and pneumonia mortality ; April 7, 1959. ; This report was prepared by Dr. Frederick L. Dunn, Chief, Surveillance Unit, CDC. ; "For official use only; not for publication." - cover ; "Information contained in this report is a summary of data reported to CDC by State Health Departments, Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers, collaborating influenza diagnostic laboratories, and other pertinent sources. Much if it is preliminary in nature and is primarily in nature and is primarily intended for those involved in influenza control activities. It is understood that the contents of these report will not be released to the press, except by the Office of the Surgeon General, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. State Health Officers, of course, will judge the advisability of releasing any information from their own state." - cover

"Influenza and pneumonia deaths reported from 108 United States cities rose sharply above the seasonal threshold during the week ending April 4, peaked during the week ending April 11, and fell back toward the normal level during the following week. Closer examination of these reports reveals that the upswing was due primarily to increases in reported deaths in New York City (Middle Atlantic region) and Detroit and Chicago (East North Central region). Other urban areas in these regions showed only small increases in numbers of influenza and pneumonia deaths during the two week period. Much of the excess mortality occurred in persons over 65 years of age in all three cities, apparently reflecting spread of influenzal illnesses into age groups older than those that have been primarily affected by the disease in the past three months. In most States, however, influenza-like illness still appears to be affecting persons of school and college age, primarily, and industrial absenteeism continues to remain at normal seasonal levels. Through April 22, 1959, the Influenza Surveillance Unit has learned of laboratory identicications of Type B influenza in 20 states, of Type A (Subgroup unspecified) influenza in 5 states, and of Asian (A2) influenza in 5 states. Adenoviruses have recently been identified from cases of influenza-like illness in Alaska and Mississippi. Altogether, 32 states have now experienced outbreaks or increased prevalence of illnesses resembling influenza since January 1959." - p. 2 ; I. Summary of information -- II. Current analysis of influenza in the United States -- III. Current analysis of influenza and pneumonia mortality ; 47 April 22, 1959. ; This report was prepared by Dr. Frederick L. Dunn, Chief, Surveillance Unit, CDC. ; "For official use only; not for publication." - cover ; "Information contained in this report is a summary of data reported to CDC by State Health Departments, Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers, collaborating influenza diagnostic laboratories, and other pertinent sources. Much if it is preliminary in nature and is primarily in nature and is primarily intended for those involved in influenza control activities. It is understood that the contents of these report will not be released to the press, except by the Office of the Surgeon General, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. State Health Officers, of course, will judge the advisability of releasing any information from their own state." - cover

"Epidemics of influenza-like disease are presently widespread in several areas of the Eastern United States. The first confirmed outbreak of influenza of the current season began in early January in Robeson County in southern North Carolina. Since that time, outbreaks of influenza-like disease have been reported from the District of Columbia and 15 States, including North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, Kansas, Illinois, Georgia, Maine, Vermont, South Carolina, New York, Massachusetts, Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia. Influenza A2 virus has been isolated or confirmed as causative agent by serologic titer rise in outbreaks in the District of Columbia, North Carolina, Maryland, Kansas, New York, and at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station in Illinois. During the month of January, the pattern of spread of disease tended to confine itself to both a northerly and southerly course along the Atlantic seaboard. The confirmed outbreaks of influenza in the Kansas City and Chicago areas occurred in rather specialized population groups, and community spread in these areas has not been apparent. Since the beginning of February, the outbreak of influenza-like disease in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio has suggested the beginning of a westerly spread. To date, the Pacific Coast, Southwest and Rocky Mountain areas of the country, as well as the major portion of the Middle West and South, have not been involved. Pneumonia-influenza deaths have been above the epidemic threshold for the last 5 weeks with a sharp upswing in excess deaths for the week ending February 9. Excess pneumonia-influenza deaths have shown particular increases in the South and Middle Atlantic States during this week." - p. [1] ; I. Summary -- II. Epidemic reports -- III. International report -- IV. Laboratory report -- V. Weekly pneumonia and influenza deaths ; February 15, 1963. ; Produced by the Communicable Disease Center Epidemiology Branch Influenza Surveillance Unit. ; "Summarized in this report is information received from State Health Departments, university investigators, virology laboratories and other pertinent sources, domestic and foreign. Much of the information is preliminary. It is intended primarily for the use of those with responsibility for disease control activities. Anyone desiring to quote this report should contact the original investigator for confirmation and interpretation." - preface

"Epidemics of influenza-like disease became widespread in several areas of the Eastern United States during January. The first confirmed outbreak of the season began early in the month in Robeson County in southern North Carolina. Adjacent counties in North Carolina and contiguous areas of South Carolina became progressively involved. By February 15, outbreaks of inf1uenza-like il1ness had been reported from the District of Columbia and 15 States, including North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, Kansas, Illinois, Georgia, Maine, Vermont, South Carolina, New York, Massachusetts, Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Influenza A2 virus had been confirmed by isolation or by serologic titer rise as the causative agent in outbreaks in the District of Columbia, North Carolina, Maryland, Kansas, New York, and at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station in Illinois. During the month of January, the pattern of spread of disease confined itself to a northerly and southerly direction along the Atlantic Seaboard. The early confirmed outbreaks in Kansas City and Chicago areas occurred in rather specialized population groups, and it was not until February that: community-wide outbreaks were seen in these areas. Figure 1 shows the distribution of outbreaks through February 15. In early February, outbreaks in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio suggested the beginning of a westerly spread, which was confirmed when, by late February J large segments of Middle 'Western and South Central States became involved. By the first week of March, outbreaks of influenza-like disease had been reported from the District of Columbia and 35 States, all east of the Rocky Mountains with the exception of focal outbreaks in Montana and Arizona. Influenza A2 virus was implicated as the etiologic agent in one or more outbreaks in twelve more States including Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Virginia, and Wisconsin. By early March, outbreaks were subsiding in most affected areas of the East and Middle West. The pattern of epidemic spread, however, continued a westerly course, although the extensive, often state-wide, involvement which characterized earlier outbreaks on the Eastern Seaboard was not frequently observed as the epidemic moved westward. Among the Mountain States, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah reported outbreaks for the first time, and the West Coast States of Alaska and California began to experience outbreaks. In mid-March, the State of Washington reported two focal outbreaks. A small focal outbreak also occurred in Wyoming about this time. By late April, one or more outbreaks of influenza-like disease had been reported from the District of Columbia and45 States. Only the States of Florida, Hawaii, Nebraska, Nevada, and New Mexico failed to report increased incidences of this syndrome. InfluenzaA2 virus was implicated as the causative agent of one or more outbreaks in the District of Columbia and a total of 34 States, with the States of Arizona, Arkansas I California, Colorado, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, I Utah, Vermont, Washington, and West Virginia, now added to the list. With the exception of the State of Alaska, where widespread community epidemics occurred during the months of March and April, the West Coast States were notable for the lack of demonstrated community involvement. The State of California represents an interesting example of this phenomenon in which the presence of influenza A2 virus was demonstrated over large areas of the State through serologic confirmation in sporadic cases, but in which outbreaks could be demonstrated largely only in institutional environments. In general, the force of the epidemic, in its capacity for large scale community involvement tended to dissipate as the epidemic moved west. Figure 2 shows the distribution of outbreaks for the epidemic as a whole. Conspicuous by its absence during this epidemic was the widespread excess secondary school absenteeism so markedly associated with the 1957 influenza A2 epidemic. This observation was, in part, confirmed by surveys of age specific attack rate in selected areas of epidemic prevalence, where a marked flattening of the attack rate curves was demonstrated in the age groups 10-19. (See Influenza Surveillance Report No. 76, page 14). For the epidemic as a whole, the only influenza agents implicated by isolation have been strains of influenza A. No isolations of influenza B strains were reported to the Influenza Surveillance Unit during the entire season. The contemporary A strains showed relation, through hemagglutination inhibition to the A2/Jap 305/57 prototype, and are clearly members of the A2 subtype. That a certain amount of .antigenic drift away from the 1957 prototype has occurred is also clearly demonstrated in reciprocal cross hemagglutination inhibition tests using both ferret and rooster immune antisera. Studies at the Respirovirus Unit, Communicable Disease Center would also indicate that this is a continuance of a drift noticed with the appearance of the A2lJap 170/62 prototype strain, in that certain contemporary U. S. isolates would appear to vary antigenical1y as much from A2lJap 170/62 as A2/ Jap 170/62 varies from A2lJap305/57. On May 27 the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Influenza met to consider recommendations for the coming year (See Part VII of this Influenza Surveillance Report). Of particular note was the agreement on the prediction that widespread outbreaks of influenza are not likely to occur during the coming winter season. Of further note was the decision to change the current civilian polyvalent vaccine from a four-strain to a six-strain material-with the addition of one more contemporary strain each of A2 and B. The total CCA unitage of the new vaccine will be 600 instead of the current 500, the total CCA unitage of the combined A2components remaining, as before, at 200, and the total unitage of the B components being increased by 100. Also of interest was the increased disparity between the composition of the military vaccine (continuing the old four-strain 1000 CCA unit/ml composition for the coming season) and the new civilian vaccine. The decision to incorporate a new A2 strain into the civilian vaccine, though the new AZ/Jap 170/62 prototype reflects only variation within the subtype and not a major antigenic shift, would seem to reflect an underlying assumption that variations within a subtype may affect vaccine efficacy. During the season there were few adequate studies of vaccine efficacy. However, studies, to be described later in this report, would tend to question the efficacy of the current vaccine in the specific populations considered. One of the studies, in particular, poses the question of whether influenza vaccine induced H. I. antibody is related to vaccine protection. Pneumonia-influenza deaths in the 108 cities first exceeded the epidemic threshold in early January and reached a peak during the week ending March 16. Deaths fell to below threshold levels during the week ending April 13 and have remained so to the present." - p. [1]-5 ; I. Summary -- II. Epidemic reports -- III. International summary -- IV. Special reports -- V. Laboratory report -- VI. Pneumonia influenza mortality -- VII. Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Influenza: Recommendations for influenza immunization and control in the civilian population ; June 14, 1963. ; Produced by the Communicable Disease Center Epidemiology Branch Influenza Surveillance Unit. ; Section II called also: Influenza, United States-winter 1961-1962 ; "Summarized in this report is information received from State Health Departments, university investigators, virology laboratories and other pertinent sources, domestic and foreign. Much of the information is preliminary. It is intended primarily for the use of those with responsibility for disease control activities. Anyone desiring to quote this report should contact the original investigator for confirmation and interpretation." - preface

"The focus of influenza activity appears to be shifting from the West Coast to the Central and Southeastern United States. Outbreaks of respiratory disease previously reported in the three Pacific States are declining. Colorado reports extension of the outbreaks to the eastern part of the State, but the epidemics in the southwest part of the State are waning. Missouri notes several additional communities which have been involved, all of them quite close to previously existing epidemic areas. Three States--Iowa, Tennessee, and Georgia-- and two foreign capitals--Warsaw, Poland, and Madrid, Span-- report influenza-like illness for the first time this season. No laboratory confirmation is yet available from these areas. The total number of reported influenza and pneumonia deaths in 108 cities for the week ending January 6, increased from 522 to 613, exceeding the epidemic threshold for the first time this season. It is too early to state whether this is due to outbreaks of influenza or to a delay in reporting, occasioned by the holidays." - summary ; Summary -- II. Epidemic reports -- III. Items of note: Surveillance method, Rapid laboratory diagnoses -- IV. Weekly pneumonia and influenza deaths. ; Cover title. ; "January 12, 1962." ; Contains map entitled: Respiratory disease in the U.S. from November 1961-January 12, 1962 by county.

"The epidemic of Influenza Type B which began on the West Coast of the United States and in the southern part of Florida, subsequently spanning the United States in a broad arc through the Midwestern and Southeastern States, continues a progressive spread through the North and Northeast sections of the country. Outbreaks of acute febrile respiratory disease indicate active spread of the illness along the Eastern Seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and in the States adjacent to the Great Lakes. Eight States reported outbreaks of influenza-like disease for the first time this week. Four of these, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island, and Virginia, are on the East Coast; the others are Idaho, Michigan, Mississippi, and West Virginia. Continuing outbreaks of increased school-absenteeism due to influenza-like disease are reported in new counties from 13 States. In the Northeast, there are Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Vermont, and in the Great Lakes area, Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Spread of the illness was also reported from Florida, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, and Tennessee. Confirmation of Influenza B outbreaks by isolation or serologic titer rises is reported from 8 additional States - Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, New jersey, end New York. A total of 26 States and the District of Columbia have confirmed Influenza B outbreaks. Five States report that no significant outbreaks of acute febrile respiratory disease have occurred during the present season. These are Delaware, Hawaii Louisiana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The remaining States (19) have experienced outbreaks during recent months. The number of pneumonia-influenza deaths in 108 cities of the United States decreased during the past week but remained above the epidemic level for the fifth consecutive week." - p. [1] ; I. Summary -- II. Epidemic reports -- III. Laboratory report -- IV. Weekly pneumonia and influenza deaths ; February 8 1962. ; Produced by the Communicable Disease Center Epidemiology Branch Surveillance Section. ; "Summarized in this report is information received from State Health Departments, university investigators, virology laboratories and other pertinent sources, domestic and foreign. Much of the information is preliminary. It is intended primarily for the use of those with responsibility for disease control activities. Anyone desiring to quote this report should contact the original investigator for confirmation and interpretation." - preface

"There have been no reports of significant outbreaks of Influenza B in the United States since the last Surveillance Report on March 22, 1962. Four additional States - Louisiana, Ney Hampshire, Rhode Island, end South Dakota - have recently confirmed Influenza B. The total number of States confirming Influenza B this season is 43. A concise summary of the Influenza B epidemic in the United States is included. A laboratory report describes the relationship of the current B strains to previous strains of virus. Asian influenza has not been prevalent in the United States during the past season. A single recent outbreak in Bellingham Washington is reported. International reporting or Influenza A and B during the current season is summarized in tables and maps. Pneumonia and influenza deaths exceeded the expected number in a bi-modal distribution during the early months of 1962. They have remained within normal ranges since the second week in April. Attached as a supplement are the recommendations of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Influenza. Of particular note is the committee's concurrence in the belief that widespread outbreaks of Influenza A (Asian) may be anticipated in the United States during the 1962-63 winter season." - p. [1] ; I. Summary -- II. United States summary -- III. International summary -- IV. Laboratory report -- V. Weekly pneumonia and influenza deaths -- [supplement: Recommendations for influenza immunization and control in the civilian population / Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Influenza. April 19, 1962] ; May 31, 1962. ; Produced by the Communicable Disease Center Epidemiology Branch Influenza Surveillance Unit. ; Section II called also: Influenza, United States-winter 1961-1962 ; "Summarized in this report is information received from State Health Departments, university investigators, virology laboratories and other pertinent sources, domestic and foreign. Much of the information is preliminary. It is intended primarily for the use of those with responsibility for disease control activities. Anyone desiring to quote this report should contact the original investigator for confirmation and interpretation." - preface