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"When many think of Irish emigration, they think of potato blight and the Great Famine of the 1840s, which caused so many to flee Ireland for the U.S. But the real history of the Irish diaspora is much longer, more complicated, and more global. Starting in the 17th century, Irish clerics, mercenaries, and merchants began to fan out across America, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, setting in motion a pattern of migration that would play an essential role in the development of the New World and the industrialization of the West. On Every Tide tells the epic story of this migration, showing how Irish emigrants were instrumental in shaping the world. They created powerful networks that allowed them to become a major global force in grassroots politics, the labor movement, and religion. Their movements allowed them to consolidate control of the powerful Catholic hierarchy, and Catholicism throughout the English-speaking world came to have a distinctly Irish face. The Irish also played a crucial role in the nineteenth-century land grab in the Anglophone world, often as the first settlers to colonize land out West or in the Outback. Rather than simply being victims of an underclass, the Irish leveraged their power--sometimes becoming oppressors themselves. In On Every Tide, historian Sean Connolly weaves together individual immigrant experiences and three hundred years of history. Deeply researched and vividly told, On Every Tide is essential reading for understanding how the people of Ireland irreparably shaped the modern world"--

A history of law enforcement -- Policing and social and economic policy -- Core principles governing use of force for law enforcement -- Use of firearms -- Use of "less-lethal" weapons -- Facilitating peaceful protest and ensuring crowd safety during assemblies -- Use of force in custodial settings -- Use of force in counterterrorism -- Private security and use of force -- Counterpiracy at sea -- Accountability

This paper, based on theories of ecological perception, embodied motivated cognition, and evolutionary psychology, proposes that pictures elicit evolved biologically imperative responses more quickly and thoroughly than do words. These biologically imperative responses are directly responsible for evolved automatic reactions away from biological threats (e.g. escaping predators, avoiding disease and noxious stimuli) and towards opportunities (e.g. consuming food, approaching mates, finding shelter) in the environment. When elicited, these responses take time to occur and may delay or interfere with other types of behavior. Thus, when environmental information is presented in pictures (which should elicit larger biological responses than words) biological responses should interfere more with higher order tasks like information processing and cognitive decision-making. To test this proposition we designed an experiment in which participants performed speeded categorizations of 60 pairs of matched pleasant and unpleasant environmental opportunities and threats. They categorized the items based on their form (is this a word or a picture?) or based on how the picture made them feel (is this pleasant or unpleasant to you?). If pictures do elicit greater biologically imperative responses than their word counterparts, participants should be able to make form decisions faster than feeling decisions, especially when presented with words rather than pictures and especially when the words and pictures have less biological relevance. This main proposition was supported. Implications for this proposition in terms of communication theory are discussed.