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Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Introduction -- Minority Entrepreneurship: Setting the Context -- Introduction -- Why Is This Topic Important? -- Structure of the Book -- Conclusion -- References -- Understanding the Current Situation -- Understanding the Term 'Minority Entrepreneurship' -- Introduction -- Defining 'Minority Entrepreneurship' -- Conclusion -- References -- What Does GEM Say About Minority Entrepreneurship? -- Introduction -- What Does GEM Tell Us About Entrepreneurship and Gender? -- What Does GEM Say About Youth Entrepreneurship? -- What Does GEM Say About Seniors and Entrepreneurship? -- What Does GEM Say About Going from Unemployed to Self-Employed? -- What Does GEM Tell Us About Entrepreneurial Intentions and Attempts by People with Disabilities? -- What Does GEM Tell Us About Entrepreneurship Among Immigrants? -- What Does GEM Tell Us About Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship? -- Conclusion -- References -- Social Networks and "Missing Entrepreneurs" -- Introduction -- Missing Entrepreneurs and Social Networks -- Methodology -- Women and Social Networks -- Immigrants and Social Networks -- Migrant, Displaced, Refugee and Social Networks -- Returning Citizen/Ex-offender and Social Networks -- Youth and Social Networks -- Formal Networks -- Conclusion -- References -- Opportunity Structures from an Intersectional Perspective -- Introduction -- Opportunity Structures in the Field of Migrant and Women Entrepreneurship -- Contextualising Opportunity Structures in the Netherlands and Turkey -- Methodology -- Opportunity Structures with an Intersectional Lens -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Beyond "Getting Asked to Dance": Inclusive Entrepreneurial Ecosystems -- Introduction -- Precipitating Factors -- Cognitive and Social Infrastructure -- Ecosystems 101.

A substantial body of research has been undertaken in recent years giving prominence to the additional and distinctive challenges faced by female entrepreneurs and by ethnic entrepreneurs. However, other groups of minority entrepreneurs have received relatively little attention and so remain underexplored within entrepreneurship literature. This article introduces some of these minority communities (Ex–Prisoners, Disabled People, Travellers/Gypsies, Grey and Gay) and highlights the research opportunities that exist for entrepreneurship academics who might wish to analyse such 'silent' minorities. These communities are all relatively large in terms of population numbers, require tailored support to overcome distinctive economic, social and personal obstacles, and would benefit from critical appraisals of their circumstances.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the distinctive challenges faced by female travellers (Roma, Sinti and Gypsy) in starting their own business.Design/methodology/approachThe paper details a pilot "start your own business" programme that was delivered in Ireland to 12 women from the traveller community.FindingsFour distinct categories of entrepreneurship barriers faced by female travellers were recognised: self‐esteem, traveller identity, welfare trap and family responsibilities.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are based on just one programme and so no general conclusions can be drawn.Practical implicationsThe paper identifies the successes and failures of the programme, plus it highlights the future steps that need to be taken to bring appropriate entrepreneurship support to traveller women who experience triple discrimination – discrimination as women, as travellers and as traveller women.Originality/valueVery little is known about female travellers in terms of entrepreneurship activity and so this is a significant addition to a very small body of knowledge.

Promoting an entrepreneurial culture through the development of entrepreneurial mindsets has become an important mission on the education and enterprise policy agenda of many governments and supranational organisations. Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have responded to this call by developing entrepreneurship / enterprise education pedagogies that now place a greater focus on engendering entrepreneurial competencies within individuals rather than on the creation of new ventures. Such competences are relevant for all aspects of an individual's life and may assist them in navigating the ever changing, chaotic, global world in which they live. However, some commentators have argued that this development is elitist as HEIs have primarily focused their support on better educated individuals and high-technology based enterprises. Indeed, it has also been suggested that HEIs are less proactive in the development of entrepreneurial mindsets more broadly in society, particularly amongst disadvantaged communities. This paper explores how HEIs can move outside of their formal education setting and dynamically support the development of entrepreneurial competencies and mindsets amongst people within their local communities.

"This book focuses on the role of immigrants in building economic, social and political relationships between countries. In this era of growing global interconnectedness, international migration and immigrant issues have become a significant source of disunity between countries. In some receiving countries, immigrants are now workforce replacements for an ageing population, while in sending countries immigrants use the experience gained in their country of residence for investment and entrepreneurial activity in their country of origin. This has led to the suggestion that immigrant activities are no longer a process of bridging the economic imbalance between nations, but rather the bridging of economic, social and political relationships. Transnational diaspora entrepreneurial activity relies on the relationship between immigrants and their home country, their understanding of the economic, political, and social systems in both their home and host countries, and the demand for their home country's cultural goods. As the demand for home cultural goods grows, there is a need to establish businesses that can operate across multiple environments. This book posits that transnational diaspora entrepreneurship can be seen as the internationalization process of immigrant entrepreneurship. It explains the role of enclaves in supporting this activity and offers valuable insights into how immigrant enclave activity and informal networking influence transnational diaspora entrepreneurship."

Introduction -- Entrepreneurial teams research in movement -- Urban legends or sage guidance: a review of common advice about entrepreneurial teams -- Entrepreneurial team formation: the role of the family -- Entrepreneurs' perspectives on the structuring phase of the entrepreneurial team -- Which deep-level diversity compositions of new venture teams lead to success or failure? -- How owner-manager team size influences the potential economic contribution of owner-managed businesses -- Dispositional antecedents of shared leadership emergent states on entrepreneurial teams -- Family entrepreneurial teams -- Te olu umanga māori: temporality and intent in the Māori entrepreneurial team -- Ethnic diversity in entrepreneurial teams and the role of culture shock on performance -- Women empowerment through Government Loaned Entrepreneurship Teams (GLETs) in Kenya -- Entrepreneurial teams in social entrepreneurship: when team heterogeneity facilitates organizational hybridity

PurposeThis article explores women entrepreneurs' lived experiences in their interactions with government enterprise support agencies. It investigates the relationship between gendering and Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), as a normative orientation adopted at the institutional level and justified by an economic rationale. It also explores how women entrepreneurs articulate their experiences through embodied metaphors and image schemas, shedding light on how they navigate the institutional entrepreneurial space.Design/methodology/approachThis study is framed within the concept of Phenomenological Orientation as conceptualised in feminist phenomenology. It applies Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, a qualitative methodology focused on interpreting accounts of first-person lived experiences of a phenomenon. It combines IPA with Conceptual Metaphor Theory to understand women's articulation of their embodied relationship within the entrepreneurial space.FindingsFindings reveal that the entrepreneurial orientation functions as a gendering process within entrepreneurial institutions, reinforcing masculine hegemonic ideals and marginalising women entrepreneurs. Women's phenomenological orientations often diverge from the normative entrepreneurial orientation, highlighting the need for a more inclusive framework in institutional entrepreneurial spaces.Research limitations/implicationsThis article contributes to women's entrepreneurship literature by underlining the temporal dimension of entrepreneurship and the tension that underpins their interactions with government support bodies. It calls for inclusive policies and procedures to match the heterogeneity of orientations. While highlighting its limitations, it also suggests future research directions to deepen the understanding of entrepreneurship and inform more suitable support structures for all entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by shedding light on the nuanced interplay between gendering, entrepreneurial orientation, and women entrepreneurs' lived experiences. It extends previous research by framing "orientation" within a temporality framework, offering a novel perspective on the gendering of entrepreneurial spaces.

Purpose: Rural women in Africa have less entrepreneurship opportunities than men. This is mainly due to societal expectations of women, but it may also be caused by a lack of entrepreneurial knowledge and skills due to their work in agriculture-related activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of entrepreneurship training on entrepreneurial skillsets of rural women working in Uganda and how such training influences their entrepreneurial activity. Design/methodology/approach: The primary data set for this study comes from surveys of rural women working in agriculture who participated in a specific entrepreneurship training programme in Uganda. A panel data set is gathered from surveying 298 women before and after the training programme. A random effects regression method is utilised to estimate the impact of entrepreneurship training and other sociodemographic characteristics on entrepreneurial skillsets. Findings: The key finding of this study is that entrepreneurship training increases entrepreneurial skillsets by 25% and that further training and educational opportunities may improve social standing and living standards of rural women working in agriculture. Originality: This study offers distinctive insights into female entrepreneurship in Africa as it quantitatively examines the impact of entrepreneurship training on entrepreneurial skillsets of rural women in Uganda. The findings of this study may inform policymakers of the benefits of appropriate training programmes to improve the living standards, social standing, and economic outcomes for rural women in Africa.

Immigrant Enclave Theory (IET) investigates the concentration and localisation of immigrants in a specific geographic area. Some IET studies have highlighted the resilience of these communities and described such enclaves as sources of mutual support, collective political power and beneficial social relationships. Other studies have examined the influence of IET on immigrant entrepreneurial activity within these geographic areas, although some of these studies have highlighted IET as a contributor to low profit margin businesses due to over-representation of immigrant enterprises within the same sector and geographic locality. This article considers the potential for Transnational Diaspora Entrepreneurship (TDE) as an alternative approach to business development within immigrant enclaves and proposes a new model for the relationship between IET and TDE opportunity formation. For the contextualisation of the relationship between IET and TDE, the article explores immigrant enclave related theories and transnational diaspora entrepreneurship frameworks to draw out the relationship between IET and TDE.

Purpose – Entrepreneurship education has moved from an elitist view focussing on a start-up and picking-the-winners philosophy towards a broader enterprising behaviour approach; recognising entrepreneurship as an activity of relevance for everybody. The purpose of this paper is to extend this development and identify how university entrepreneurial ecosystems can be expanded to support communities that are under-represented in entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach – Based on an integrative literature review (Torraco, 2005), this paper draws together and synthesises literature from the field of entrepreneurship, higher education studies and under-represented communities in an integrated fashion, leading to the development of a new conceptual model. Findings – This paper challenges the traditional role of universities in supporting entrepreneurship as focussing mainly on economic growth and new venture creation, and identifies how universities are also positioned to provide greater civic support to entrepreneurial learning amongst under-represented communities. Through a critical analysis of the literature, the conceptual model proposed identifies six key considerations in the expansion of university entrepreneurial ecosystems for under-represented communities. Practical implications – There are currently 96.6m people at risk of poverty and social exclusion in the EU (OECD, 2017) and an estimated 43.1m Americans (US Census Bureau, 2017). This paper explores how university entrepreneurial ecosystems can be expanded to support minority and disadvantaged communities who are under-represented in terms of entrepreneurial activity. Originality/value – Given that there is little research regarding how universities might activate inclusive entrepreneurship initiatives amongst under-represented communities, this paper expands existing knowledge as it identifies the key considerations encompassing university-led community collaborative enterprise support.

Survey questions for assessing manager skills and practices in Small to Medium Enterprises under the Improving management development standards in SMEs in Ireland. A project funded by the European Union via the Directorate General for Structural Reform Support (DG REFORM) - No SRSS/C2019/051