Suchergebnisse

This article revises the key studies carried out regarding torture under the Chilean military dictatorship, and analyses how these studies have approached the transgenerational consequences of torture at a family level. It revises the concepts of torture, trauma and transgenerational transmition, emphasising the idea of torture as psychosocial trauma. With a focus on mechanisms and content, it presents the theoretical developments and principal findings of empirical works undertaken in Chile and other parts of the world about transgenerational transmission of trauma to the second and third generation. Finally, the material presented is discussed, giving rise to some theoretical and methodological considerations for future studies at a national level. ; El presente artículo hace una revisión de los principales estudios que se han realizado en torno al fenómeno de la tortura tras la dictadura militar chilena y analiza cómo estos estudios han abordado las consecuencias transgeneracionales de la tortura a nivel familiar. Se examinan brevemente los conceptos de tortura, trauma y transmisión transgeneracional, haciendo hincapié en la concepción de tortura como trauma psicosocial. Bajo los criterios de mecanismos y contenidos, se presentan desarrollos teóricos y los principales hallazgos de trabajos empíricos realizados en Chile y en diversas partes del mundo sobre la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial a segundas y terceras generaciones. Finalmente, lo presentado se discute, señalando algunas consideraciones teóricas y metodológicas para futuros estudios a nivel nacional.

Chapter 1. Psychology and Human Rights. An introduction -- Section I -- Chapter 2. Psychology and Human Rights in Chile. Assistance, Registration, Denunciation, Rehabilitation, and Reparation -- Chapter 3. Method of Forced Disappearance and Trials for Crimes Against Humanity: A Dialogue between the Legal and Subjective Dimensions. Specifics of the Argentine Case -- Chapter 4. Locating Children Appropriated by Dictatorships of the Southern Cone: Questioning Identities -- Chapter 5. Photography and Film in the Experience of Identity Restitution: Writing with Light -- Section II -- Chapter 6. The Method and Methodology of Psychosocial Accompaniment Work: A Contribution for At-Risk Defenders in Mexico -- Chapter 7. Construction of a Model of Psychosocial Care and Support. Training of Peer Psychosocial Companions: An Experience from Mexico -- Section III -- Chapter 8. Psychotherapy with Former Political Prisoners in Uruguay: The Vision of the therapists -- Chapter 9. Arpilleras of Sexual and Domestic Violence in Post-War Guatemala: Accompaniment in Processes of Psychosocial Reparation -- Chapter 10. Group Therapeutic Strategies and Human Rights. Human Rights Violations in Chile -- Section IV -- Chapter 11. El Mozote Massacre: Expert Research and Challenges of Psychosocial Reparation -- Chapter 12. Psychosocial Work in the Transitional Justice Framework: The Women of Sepur Zarco -- Chapter 13. Contribution of the Psycho-forensic Evidence in the Inter-American Court in the Case of Lonkos and Mapuche Indigenous Leaders versus Chile. Section V -- Chapter 14. Testimony and Symbolic Reparation: The Clinica do Testemunho Project in Rio de Janeiro -- Chapter 15. The Clinics of Testimony: New Ways of Recognition through Group Listening to Military Personnel -- Chapter 16. Colonia Dignidad: Lights and Shadows in the Recognition of the Victims -- Section VI -- Chapter 17. Political Transition and Social Reparation in Venezuela: Challenges of Democratic Reconstruction -- Chapter 18. Psychology and Human Rights in Colombia: Contributions to Peacebuilding -- Chapter 19. Working Mental Health in Peru.

En este artículo revisamos estudios que aportan a la comprensión crítica del apego al lugar en contextos de vulneración del derecho a una vivienda adecuada, develando tensiones entre lo que son los significados de las comunidades en oposición a las obligaciones normativas del Estado. Para esto, y transitando entre aproximaciones de la psicología, la geografía y los estudios culturales, describimos la importancia de los lugares para las personas, las dimensiones positivas, negativas y ambivalentes del apego al lugar, e indagamos en los procesos subjetivos involucrados en la pérdida y transformación de los lugares. Desde una reflexión transdisciplinar, abogamos por una aproximación crítica, la que implica visibilizar distintos elementos políticos que parecieran estar ausentes en las producciones positivistas y sociocognitivistas hegemónicas. En nuestras conclusiones, desarrollamos la importancia de considerar estas ausencias, proponiendo incorporar las dimensiones de la ética y el compromiso social, el género, la raza y la clase y los desafíos de descolonización del saber. ; In this article, we review studies that contribute to the critical understanding of place attachment in contexts of infringement of the right to adequate housing, revealing tensions between the meanings of the communities as opposed to the governmental normative obligations. For this, and transiting between psychology, geography and cultural studies, we describe the importance of places for people, the positive, negative and ambivalent dimensions of place attachment and we inquire into the processes involved in the loss and transformation of places. From a transdisciplinary reflection, we advocate a critical approach, which implies to make visible different political elements that seem to be absent in hegemonic positivistic and socio-cognitive productions. In our conclusions, we developed the importance of considering these absences, proposing to incorporate the dimensions of ethics and social commitment, gender, race, class and the challenges of decolonizing knowledge.

In jüngster Zeit ist "Subjektivität" vermehrt zum Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Studien geworden. Dabei werden Gespräche teilweise als dialogische, kontexualisierte und lokale Ereignisse konzeptualisiert, in denen Bedeutung und Wissen generiert werden. Dies betrifft insbesondere auch Begegnungen zwischen Forschenden und Forschungsteilnehmer/innen.
In diesem Beitrag werden einige Prämissen qualitativer Forschung diskutiert und es wird versucht, sie mit der Forschungspraxis in Beziehung zu setzen. Hierzu werden Erfahrungen aus drei Forschungsprojekten illustrierend genutzt. Behandelt werden u.a. Besonderheiten der Datenproduktion, die Kurzfristigkeit der Beziehungen zwischen Forschungsteilnehmer/innen und Forschenden und die kollektiven Charakteristika von Forschungsteams; außerdem die reflexive Nutzung von Tagebüchern, Team-Meetings und Transkriptionsnotizen im Forschungsprozess und in ihrer Bedeutung für das Generieren von Wissen.

Based on their research experiences, three female Chilean researchers from the capital city and the north of the country reflect on political trauma and violence, poverty and exclusion, and the processes underlying the mobility of Colombian women in Chile's northern border. In all of these research areas, "the sensitive" not only becomes a research topic but also confronts both researchers and participants as the main characters of a particular and socially situated relationship. Through their research experiences, proposals, devices, and several methodological strategies for addressing these issues are critically presented, with an emphasis on what qualitative research makes possible, challenges, questions, and faces.

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004 ; Based on their research experiences, three female Chilean researchers from the capital city and the north of the country reflect on political trauma and violence, poverty and exclusion, and the processes underlying the mobility of Colombian women in Chile's northern border. In all of these research areas, "the sensitive" not only becomes a research topic but also confronts both researchers and participants as the main characters of a particular and socially situated relationship. Through their research experiences, proposals, devices, and several methodological strategies for addressing these issues are critically presented, with an emphasis on what qualitative research makes possible, challenges, questions, and faces.

Les situations de violence politique provoquent des traumatismes psychiques et sociaux d'immense ampleur et sur le long terme. Ces traumatismes psychosociaux mettent à mal les métiers qui prennent en charge les souffrances psychiques et sociales d'autrui. Ils obligent à la (re)mobilisation voire à la (re)création de ces métiers cliniques. Les auteurs illustrent et développent ces propos en s'appuyant sur deux recherches cliniques menées respectivement au Chili et au Rwanda dans les suites de la dictature (1973-1990) et du génocide (1994). De telles recherches contribuent à l'élaboration d'une clinique de la responsabilité sociale qui s'attache à restaurer les possibilités sociales et psychiques de répondre d'Autrui après qu'on ait tenté, d'une manière ou d'une autre, de le réduire à néant. L'article analyse et articule les processus d'emprise et d'expropriation à l'œuvre entre soi et autrui dans les phénomènes de violence politique étudiés. Il invite à leur mise en dialogue avec les formes diverses et multiples d'atteintes à la responsabilité sociale qui appellent ensemble à leur reconnaissance et leur prise en charge clinique, politique et épistémologique.

Situations of political violence cause psychic and social traumatisms of immense scale and for the long run. These psychosocial traumatisms destroy the professions treating the psychic and social sufferings of others. What is required is the (re)mobilization and even (re)creation of those clinical professions. The authors illustrate and develop their remarks in basing themselves on two clinical research projects carried out, respectively, in Chile and in Rwanda - following the dictatorship (1973-1990) and the genocide (1994). Such research work contributes to re-establishing a clinical approach to social responsibility which attempts to restore the social and psychic possibilities to respond to others after attempts, in one way or another, to reduce them to nothing. The article analyses and articulates the processes of coercion and expropriation at work between self and other in the political violence phenomena studied. It calls for dialoguing with the various and multiple forms of attacks on social responsibility which together call out to be recognized and taken in charge of - clinically, politically and epistemologically.

Les situations de violence politique provoquent des traumatismes psychiques et sociaux d'immense ampleur et sur le long terme. Ces traumatismes psychosociaux mettent à mal les métiers qui prennent en charge les souffrances psychiques et sociales d'autrui. Ils obligent à la (re)mobilisation voire à la (re)création de ces métiers cliniques. Les auteurs illustrent et développent ces propos en s'appuyant sur deux recherches cliniques menées respectivement au Chili et au Rwanda dans les suites de la dictature (1973-1990) et du génocide (1994). De telles recherches contribuent à l'élaboration d'une clinique de la responsabilité sociale qui s'attache à restaurer les possibilités sociales et psychiques de répondre d'Autrui après qu'on ait tenté, d'une manière ou d'une autre, de le réduire à néant. L'article analyse et articule les processus d'emprise et d'expropriation à l'œuvre entre soi et autrui dans les phénomènes de violence politique étudiés. Il invite à leur mise en dialogue avec les formes diverses et multiples d'atteintes à la responsabilité sociale qui appellent ensemble à leur reconnaissance et leur prise en charge clinique, politique et épistémologique.

Situations of political violence cause psychic and social traumatisms of immense scale and for the long run. These psychosocial traumatisms destroy the professions treating the psychic and social sufferings of others. What is required is the (re)mobilization and even (re)creation of those clinical professions. The authors illustrate and develop their remarks in basing themselves on two clinical research projects carried out, respectively, in Chile and in Rwanda - following the dictatorship (1973-1990) and the genocide (1994). Such research work contributes to re-establishing a clinical approach to social responsibility which attempts to restore the social and psychic possibilities to respond to others after attempts, in one way or another, to reduce them to nothing. The article analyses and articulates the processes of coercion and expropriation at work between self and other in the political violence phenomena studied. It calls for dialoguing with the various and multiple forms of attacks on social responsibility which together call out to be recognized and taken in charge of - clinically, politically and epistemologically.

Les auteurs partent d'un projet de recherche, en cours depuis 2006, portant sur l'expérience de la Commission Nationale sur l'Emprisonnement Politique et la Torture (CNPPT), commission mise en place entre 2003 et 2005 au Chili pour aborder les violations aux droits humains qui ont eu lieu pendant la dictature militaire. L'objectif de la recherche est de connaître l'expérience vécue par les professionnels qui ont travaillé pour la CNPPT et ont reçu en direct les témoignages des victimes déclarantes, qui prenaient officiellement la parole le plus souvent pour la première fois à ce sujet. On cherche à comprendre l'impact que l'écoute de ces témoignages d'expériences traumatiques a eu sur ces professionnels, à partir de leur position « d'écoutes de l'État ». L'option méthodologique est celle d'une approche biographique utilisant le récit de vie comme dispositif de production discursive des données de recherche. Le texte présente l'analyse de ce que les professionnels de la Commission disent avoir écouté de la part des victimes qui ont témoigné : un secret. Ce secret entrecroise des processus psychoindividuels et psychosociaux, de la subjectivité et du social. Il renvoie les professionnels au clan porteur du secret, celui d'une vérité inracontable, intransmissible. ; The authors' starting point is a research project, underway since 2006, on the experience of the National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture (CNPPT) in Chile. The Commission was created to deal with the human rights violations that took place during the military dictatorship and worked between 2003 and 2005. The goal of the study is to understand the experience lived by the CNPPT's professionals directly involved in listening to the testifying victims, whom, for the most part, were for the first time officially reporting their experience. The study seeks to understand the impact that listening to such testimonies of traumatic experiences had on the professionals as "State listeners". The selected methodology was the biographical approach, and life stories were used as a discourse production device for creating research data. The paper presents an analysis of what the Commission professionals claim to have heard from the testifying victims, i.e. a secret. This secret involves individual and psychosocial processes, subjective and social phenomena. Thus, the professionals are confronted with a clan that holds a secret, an untellable, non-communicable truth.

Les auteurs partent d'un projet de recherche, en cours depuis 2006, portant sur l'expérience de la Commission Nationale sur l'Emprisonnement Politique et la Torture (CNPPT), commission mise en place entre 2003 et 2005 au Chili pour aborder les violations aux droits humains qui ont eu lieu pendant la dictature militaire. L'objectif de la recherche est de connaître l'expérience vécue par les professionnels qui ont travaillé pour la CNPPT et ont reçu en direct les témoignages des victimes déclarantes, qui prenaient officiellement la parole le plus souvent pour la première fois à ce sujet. On cherche à comprendre l'impact que l'écoute de ces témoignages d'expériences traumatiques a eu sur ces professionnels, à partir de leur position « d'écoutes de l'État ». L'option méthodologique est celle d'une approche biographique utilisant le récit de vie comme dispositif de production discursive des données de recherche. Le texte présente l'analyse de ce que les professionnels de la Commission disent avoir écouté de la part des victimes qui ont témoigné : un secret. Ce secret entrecroise des processus psychoindividuels et psychosociaux, de la subjectivité et du social. Il renvoie les professionnels au clan porteur du secret, celui d'une vérité inracontable, intransmissible. ; The authors' starting point is a research project, underway since 2006, on the experience of the National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture (CNPPT) in Chile. The Commission was created to deal with the human rights violations that took place during the military dictatorship and worked between 2003 and 2005. The goal of the study is to understand the experience lived by the CNPPT's professionals directly involved in listening to the testifying victims, whom, for the most part, were for the first time officially reporting their experience. The study seeks to understand the impact that listening to such testimonies of traumatic experiences had on the professionals as "State listeners". The selected methodology was the biographical approach, and life stories were used as a discourse production device for creating research data. The paper presents an analysis of what the Commission professionals claim to have heard from the testifying victims, i.e. a secret. This secret involves individual and psychosocial processes, subjective and social phenomena. Thus, the professionals are confronted with a clan that holds a secret, an untellable, non-communicable truth.

The present article approaches, from the point of view of research practices, the debate on how to consider knowledge in terms of the objectivity/subjectivity pair, especially when the topics studied involve the researcher directly. Specifically, the article will focus on situated knowledge, arguing for rigorous but non-neutral objectivity and for the legitimacy of producing scientific knowledge from the perspective of those involved in the issues studied ; El presente artículo tiene por objetivo llevar al campo de las prácticas de investigación el debate respecto a cómo considerar al conocimiento en las claves objetividad/subjetividad, más aún cuando las temáticas a trabajar implican directamente al investigador. En particular, se centrará en el planteamiento de los conocimientos situados, donde junto con fundamentar una objetividad rigurosa pero no neutral, se afirma la legitimidad de producir conocimiento científico desde quienes están implicados en las problemáticas estudiadas.