Suchergebnisse

"The second edition of The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology is a major update of the 2008 first edition. It is different in a number of crucial respects. Firstly, and most importantly, chapters are longer, more detailed and pitched at a higher level, which will better meet the needs of graduate students, researchers, and more seasoned academics. Secondly, there is now a more even and adequate coverage of the whole of personality psychology - not only compared to the first edition but, we believe, to similar handbooks on the market. Thirdly, the first edition had separate chapters on a number of psychopathological disorders; for conceptual depth and clarity, the second edition has fewer chapters of a more integrative and comprehensive character. They focus on the relationships between personality and clinical psychology, models of mental health, and anxiety, depression and cognitive dysfunction - there is also a related chapter on models of physical health. Lastly, some new topics have been added: accuracy in person perception, the unconscious, needs, goals and motivation, and social and economic behaviour"--

The second edition of Behavioral Economics: The Basics summarizes behavioral economics, which uses insights from the social sciences, especially psychology, to explain real-world economic behavior. Behavioral economic insights are routinely used not only to understand the choices people make but also to influence them, whether the aim is to enable citizens to lead healthier and wealthier lives, or to turn browsers into buyers. Revised and updated throughout with fresh current-event examples, Behavioral Economics: The Basics provides a rigorous yet accessible overview of the field that attempts to uncover the psychological processes which mediate all the economic judgements and decisions we make. The book showcases how behavioral economics is rooted in some now-old (philosophical, political, and moral) ideas surrounding economics, and in an important sense is a modern expression of some long-standing criticisms of mainstream economics. It contrasts the neoclassical economic perspective (ECON) with a more realistic perspective (HUMAN - the flesh-and-blood economic agent who is not perfect in all respects but who manages to do the best under limitations and constraints). This is a comprehensive overview of the whole field, covering all the main areas, presented in a rigorous yet accessible form. It should especially appeal to students, those with an interest in applying behavioral economic knowledge in their professional life, and anyone who wants to know how they are being influenced every day of their lives by (usually unseen) behavioral insights

chapter 1 What is behavioral economics and why is it important? -- chapter 2 The ascent and dissent of economics -- chapter 3 ECON: homo economicus -- chapter 4 HUMAN: more Homer (Simpson) than homo economicus -- chapter 5 Manners, monkeys and moods -- chapter 6 Nudge: whys, ways and weasels -- chapter 7 Sell! Behavioral science of the commercial (and political) world of persuasion.

"This is the first book to provide a rigorous yet accessible overview of behavioral economics, a growing field that attempts to uncover the psychological processes which mediate the economic decisions we make. Acknowledging that people are swayed by biases and emotions, and don't necessarily have access to good memories or perfect numeracy, behavioral economics challenges the assumptions of informed self-interest within mainstream economic theories. Whether used by paternalist governments to shape our behavior or advertisers and marketers to sell more products, its insights are important and far-reaching, and this is the perfect primer for anyone wishing to understand the key principles"--

Theoretical perspectives on identity and transition -- Role exit -- "Lifers": exit from the armed forces after 36 years' service -- "Medically discharged": forced exit due to injury, health and wellbeing -- "Reservists": changing identities between civilian and military roles -- Impact of role exit: problems associated with leaving the armed forces -- Help with finding a civilian job -- Conclusion.

Behavioral immune system (BIS) describes psychological mechanisms that detect cues to infectious pathogens in the immediate environment, trigger disease-relevant responses and facilitate behavioral avoidance/escape. BIS activation elicits a perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) which can result in conformity with social norms. However, a response to superficial cues can result in aversive responses to people that pose no actual threat, leading to an aversion to unfamiliar others, and likelihood of prejudice. Pathogen-neutralizing behaviors, therefore, have implications for social interaction as well as illness behaviors and responses to health communications. In this study, we investigate how PVD influences conformity, attitudes to other people and to lockdown regulations through the lens of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). RST describes personality in terms of biologically-driven approach and avoidance motivations which support personal goals. Participants from the United Kingdom public (N = 605) completed an RST personality questionnaire and then read either (a) coronavirus morbidity-mortality statistics and current United Kingdom government lifestyle regulations, (b) just the regulations (as presented in most government publicity materials), or (c) no information at all. They all completed the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease scale to assess BIS-relevant Germ Aversion and Perceived Infectability, followed by questions measuring social conformity, warmth toward others and attitudes toward lockdown measures. Significantly lower PVD scores were observed in the no-information condition, with the other conditions showing no difference. In terms of RST, approach behaviors related to goal-drive persistence work alongside fear in explaining conformity to social norms. Reward related approach behaviors partially explained warmth toward others, indicating that social rewards gained through interaction continue to be strong drivers of behavior. We found no role for RST traits in attitudes toward ...

Abstract. This review appraises evidence for the role of personality in COVID-19 related emotions and behaviors. Three key models of personality are considered: the Five-factor Model, HEXACO model, and Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). In line with personality research, more generally, most studies focus on the Five-Factor model. Key findings are that neuroticism is most associated with poor mental health, and extraversion is associated with a reluctance to socially isolate. Conscientiousness predicts compliance with safety guidelines but also with fewer prosocial behaviors, particularly stockpiling. Research within the HEXACO framework largely confirms these findings, especially for emotionality and mental health. The additional HEXACO Honesty-Humility factor is found to be associated with prosocial views and abstention from panic buying. Studies based on the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality indicate emotional conflict as people wish to stay safe while maintaining a sense of normality. Behavioral compliance is driven by activation in the Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS; fear-related) and the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS; anxiety-related). The Behavioral Approach System (BAS) is implicated in approach-driven behaviors such as avoiding infection. These findings have implications for health communications and post-pandemic support.