Suchergebnisse

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become a key element in national strategies of technologically advanced countries, as they perceive that their economic performance growingly depends on their capacity to exploit the outputs of their creative and innovative activities. In an increasingly globalized market, a key element in those countries' strategies is to ensure the international protection of IPRs. Less technologically advanced countries approach IPRs from a different perspective. They fear that IPRs will perpetuate the current technological superiority of developed countries and retard their own development. In fact, advanced countries have succeeded in substantially strengthening the international rules on IPRs, especially with the adoption of the TRIPS Agreement as one of the outcomes of the Uruguay Round of GATT. This paper examines, first, the historical evolution and internationalization of intellectual property regimes since the end on the XIXth Century. Second, it addresses the main analytical issues raised by the IPRs regime. It elaborates on the nature of knowledge as a public good and the static and dynamic effects of introducing exclusionary rights, particularly for follow-on innovation and for countries with different levels of social and economic development. Third, the paper discusses the room left to governments in the context of the emerging international IPRs system for the adoption of industrial and technological policies suitable to their own conditions and capacities, particularly for the acquisition and absorption of foreign technologies. The final section considers how different international organizations interact in this field and the ongoing debates on the development dimension of IPRs.

8 páginas, ilustrado, 9 referencias. ; El sistema multilateral del Tratado Internacional sobre los Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura abarca principalmente los recursos fitogenéticos de los cultivos listados en el Anexo I que están 'bajo la administración y el control de las Partes Contratantes y son del dominio público'. Este artículo explora las posibles interpretaciones de esta disposición, particularmente en relación con el concepto de 'dominio público'. Se concluye que este debe ser entendido en el sentido que se le atribuye en el derecho de la propiedad intelectual, y que todos los recursos que encuadran en esa disposición integran automáticamente el sistema multilateral. ; As part of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, the multilateral system comprises the plant resources of crop species listed in Annex I which are "under the management and control of Contracting Parties, and belong to the public domain". This paper analyzes possible interpretations of this provision, especially in relation to the concept of 'public domain'. It concludes that the provision has to be understood as specified by intellectual property legislation; additionally, all the resources that comply with this provision, are automatically part of the multilateral system.

The recognition and enforcement of patents in developing countries has raised considerable controversy, particularly in relation to the implications of patents for access to drugs. Questions have arisen, among other issues, on the role of the public sector in discovering new drugs, the strategic use by the pharmaceutical industry of patents to protect not only new drugs, but also to block or delay competition. The difficulties that some developing countries have faced to use the flexibilities allowed by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement), such as parallel imports and compulsory licenses, have also highlighted the imbalances created by the extension of patent protection to developing countries under the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules.