Suchergebnisse

BACKGROUND: Since 2016 Venezuela has seen a collapse in its economy and public health infrastructure resulting in a humanitarian crisis and massive outward migration. With the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019, the public health emergency within its borders and in neighboring countries has become more severe and as increasing numbers of Venezuelans migrants return home or get stuck along migratory routes, new risks are emerging in the region. RESULTS: Despite clear state obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the rights to health and related economic, social, civil and political rights of its population, in Venezuela, co-occurring malaria and COVID-19 epidemics are propelled by a lack of public investment in health, weak governance, and violations of human rights, especially for certain underserved populations like indigenous groups. COVID-19 has put increased pressure on Venezuelan and regional actors and healthcare systems, as well as international public health agencies, to deal with a domestic and regional public health emergency. CONCLUSIONS: International aid and cooperation for Venezuela to deal with the re-emergence of malaria and the COVID-19 spread, including lifting US-enforced economic sanctions that limit Venezuela's capacity to deal with this crisis, is critical to protecting rights and health in the country and region.

Digital inclusion research has focused on the conditions, practices, and activities necessary to ensure that all individuals and communities, including the most marginalized populations, can access and use digital technologies. The complexities of Internet appropriation that enable digital inclusion have traditionally been approached from a macro‐level perspective that focuses on access infrastructure policies. Although motivations and social, economic, and cultural capital have been part of the analysis at the individual level, there are still questions about how this process unfolds at the community level. Specifically, little is known about how dynamics and interactions among marginalized groups with weaker online skills and limited Internet access influence technological appropriation. The ethics of care offers complementary insights into this phenomenon, allowing scholars to look at how emotions can trigger actions that lead to the technological involvement of those on the digital periphery. Drawing on 71 in‐depth interviews conducted in person with Internet users in 16 rural and urban communities in Chile, we discuss how care sets the stage for organizing, helping, and teaching others. Our results show that emotions such as empathy, powerlessness, and frustration were vital to giving and receiving forms of care that facilitate digital activities. The findings also suggest that digital assistance is more prevalent in tightly‐knit marginalized communities with more trusting communication patterns.

Abstract
Using the Mexican experience in the centralization of public security, this paper proposes federalism as a model of a vertical control of powers and, more importantly, a way of promoting self-governance, citizen participation and, through them, local security. We argue that while federalism as an organizational model of the State does not guarantee self-governance or citizen participation, it can help promote them and through their enhancement, improve security at the community level. Since 2006, the Mexican government has implemented a security strategy that has increasingly centralized public security decisions. The strategy relies on the deployment of federal security forces (Army, Navy and Federal Police) across the country, to replace or support state and local police. The results have been mostly negative. On one hand, there has been an exacerbation of violence in the country, including many incidents in which violence was used disproportionately or illegally by state officials against civilians. On the other, the use of federal forces has undermined the federalist regime which serves as a check on the exercise of power by federal authorities, thus undermining state and local institutional capacities. The lessons from the Mexican case can be useful for other federal systems responding to organized crime.

AbstractAs mobile‐only use has increased over the last decade, research has found that mode of online access (mobile‐only vs. mobile and computer use) is related to digital inequalities. Relying on the literature on affordances and digital inclusion, this study seeks to: (1) examine the effects of mode of access on the number of online activities, over time; and (2) understand how the context of transitioning between modes of access shape how people perceive technologies. We conducted a 3‐year mixed‐methods longitudinal study. First, we ran a two‐wave representative panel survey in Chile (N = 512). People who became hybrid users increased their activities, whereas those who became mobile‐only decreased them. Then, we interviewed a subsample of people who switched mode of access between waves (N = 22). We found that people's relation with devices and their choices evolve over time according to their shifting needs and contexts. These results point to users' agency and the relevance of the concept of affordances. Thus, we propose the concept of transitional affordances to explain how users' perceptions, experiences, and ability to compare between mode of access shape their relation, engagement, and perceived affordances of technologies.

The Venezuelan crisis has unleashed multiple forms of sociopolitical violence against its population and created a context of unmet needs, insecurity, and human rights violations. Outward migration caused by this situation has been linked to health emergencies in neighboring countries. Venezuelan migrant and refugee women and girls (VMRWG) are among the most affected. We conducted a cross-sectional qualitative and Participatory Action Research (PAR) project to characterize the risk environments for VMRWG across migration phases, analyzing pre-departure, transit, border crossing, and resettlement risk factors for health and security through semi-structured interviews ( n = 30) and human cartographies ( n = 16). We found cross border risk and protective factors that inform cross-border health initiatives, migration policies, and human rights efforts for both the migrant and host communities. Findings and Recommendations Migratory trajectories of VMRWG from Venezuela to Colombia represent a risk environment for women and girls, connecting cross-border contexts through armed actors' control, culturally reinforced gender roles and limited social and economic resources. Long-term sustainable migratory policies that are culturally sensitive and include a gender-approach to health should operationalize how gender roles are intimately connected to HIV risk and mental health disparities through reinforced structural factors. Such policies must address these structural factors. The public health system needs to incorporate and align with programmatic efforts implemented by international platforms (United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), AID4AIDS, and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) also known as Doctors Without Borders) targeting screening for infectious diseases (including HIV and mental health disparities) in border crossings and borderlands. Sustainable policies to bridge gaps between services and populations and to decrease growing HIV cases depends on these strategies. Policies and programs of local governments (city and municipality level) addressing mental health disparities need to be expanded through peer leaders and civil society networks of care to guarantee wellbeing and quality of life after resettlement. International efforts and collaborations should capitalize on the re-opening of the border to establish inter-sectoral collaborations with Venezuelan NGOs and civil society organizations on both sides of the border to address gender-based violence, follow-up of cases, and access to services in sending and receiving communities. In order to broach gaps and tackle access barriers in resettlement communities in Colombia, services must be provided in peripheric territories and neighborhoods where some vulnerable migrants resettle. These services must rely on health sector-community collaborations. Public health sector efforts should be integrated and coordinated with family and child services on a local and national level Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF), gender working groups, shelters, and citywide supported initiatives like the House of Women) to provide and promote access to social resources (education, jobs, and housing) for migrant women. Health promotion strategies are necessary to decrease infectious diseases and violence-related trauma among migrants across borders. These strategies can include outreach through peer leaders, civil society organization campaigns, and HIV mobile testing and counselling. These services should be delivered in a culturally sensitive manner, capitalizing on in-place cross-border networks of support. In Colombia, sustainable efforts in policy and programs have been made to provide Venezuelans with access to health care and social services with the help of inter-sectoral working groups, national laws, and border commissions. However, there is an urgent need to expand the humanitarian response and the health sector coverage to gender-based violence impacting infectious disease risk and mental health trauma in host communities. Connecting pre- and post-migration contexts in South-to-South migration is paramount. Tackling these issues can improve the protection of human rights and resettlement conditions in host communities.

We report the case of a four years-old female proceeding from rural nor-oriental Colombia, without previous medical history, who was admitted to our institution with an abdominal mass that was noted one month previous to the consult, associated to ictericia, weight loss and hiporexia. A bilateral Wilms tumor was documented on diagnostic images. The patient received preoperative chemotherapy and was treated with bilateral partial nephrectomy. ; En este artículo se reporta el caso de una niña de cuatro años de edad, sin antecedentes perinatales o patológicos de importancia, procedente de área rural, en la región nororiental de Colombia, quien ingresó al Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá, Colombia, remitida por un cuadro de cinco meses de evolución que inició con tinte ictérico, pérdida de peso e hiporexia. Posteriormente, distensión abdominal y masa palpable abdominal de un mes de evolución. Por imágenes diagnósticas se documenta tumor de Wilms bilateral, el cual se trata con quimioterapia preoperatoria y nefrectomía parcial bilateral.

Este texto evalúa el uso de la fuerza letal por parte de fuerzas federales mexicanas en enfrentamientos con presuntos miembros de la delincuencia organizada en el período 2008-2014. Los autores utilizan datos oficiales y reportes de prensa sobre muertos y heridos en enfrentamientos para construir indicadores como el número de civiles muertos por cada miembro de una fuerza de seguridad muerto y el número de civiles muertos por cada civil herido. Los resultados previenen sobre el posible uso excesivo de la fuerza letal como patrón de comportamiento. Además, se plantea un contexto de creciente opacidad en la información oficial disponible y serias carencias en el marco legal que regula el uso de la fuerza.

Debido al escaso conocimiento sobre los resultados del uso de la fuerza en enfrentamientos entre presuntos miembros de la delincuencia organizada y la Policía Federal, el Ejército y la Marina, el artículo presenta el saldo en materia de muertos, heridos y detenidos de 2008 a 2011, a partir de dos fuentes: reportes de prensa y datos de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional. Se muestra que el índice de letalidad del Ejército se ha elevado sensiblemente desde 2008 hasta 2011 y que la relación de muertos sobre detenidos ha aumentado de 2009 a 2011. También se expone que en comparación con la Policía Federal, el índice de letalidad es más alto para el Ejército y la Marina. El artículo advierte de los peligros implícitos de la participación del Ejército y la Marina en funciones de seguridad pública

The objective of this paper is to identify actions referred to the creating shared value (CSV) carried out by Colombian Business Groups (BG). CSV allows organizations to realize what business success not only depends on the maximization of financial results, but also requires on the positive contribution to the environment and communities where they operate. The article focuses on BG, because they are the predominant organizational form for large Latin American and Colombian companies. We worked with a sample of 38 BG s listed on the Colombian Stock Exchange using their corporate reports through a content analysis. It was found that many of these BGs s perform various activities that presuppose the existence of benefits and two-way value generation between stakeholders and companies, so this article opens space for future work considering that it is an emerging research topic.

Esta investigación da cuenta del impacto de las políticas públicas en Colombia, y la manera en que estas afectan el desarrollo y efectividad del proceso educativo rural. La investigación parte de una revisión de literatura, que incluye literatura académica, literatura gris, así como leyes, decretos y documentos de política pública. Este análisis investigativo está basado en un estudio del arte o del conocimiento, apoyados en una metodología desarrollada en dos fases, una heurística donde buscamos la información documental necesaria y la describimos en una matriz y una segunda fase llamada hermenéutica donde analizamos y relacionamos la información que nos permitió llegar a la meta esperada en nuestra investigación. ; Introducción. 1 Planteamiento del problema. 2 Objetivos. 2 General. 2 Específicos. 2 Metodología. 4 Resultados del análisis documental. 6 ¿Qué son las políticas públicas? ¿Cómo se entienden dentro del contexto de la educación en Colombia? 8 Conceptos centrales a la política pública en educación en Colombia. 10 Programas oficiales para la educación rural en Colombia. 13 Escuela Nueva. 13 Proyecto de Educación Rural. 14 Formas en que se ha abordado la Educación Rural desde la Política Pública. 15 Andamiaje Jurídico sobre el que se construyen las políticas públicas educativas rurales en Colombia. 18 Análisis de algunas Políticas Públicas Educativas En Colombia. 24 Falencias de las Políticas Públicas. 26 Falta de oportunidades de acceso a la educación técnica, tecnológica y superior. 27 Persistencia de la problemática del analfabetismo. 28 Programa de Alimentación Escolar (PAE). 28 Acciones y Recomendaciones para mejorar estas falencias. 30 Conclusiones. 33 Referencias. 35 Anexo 1. 40 ; This research accounts for the impact of public policies in Colombia, and the way in which These affect the development and effectiveness of the rural educational process. The investigation starts from aliterature review, which includes academic literature, gray literature, as well as laws, decrees and public policy documents.This investigative analysis is based on a study of art or knowledge, supported by a methodology developed in two phases, a heuristic where we look for documentary information necessary and we describe it in a matrix and a second phase called hermeneutics where we analyze and we related the information that allowed us to reach the expected goal in our research.

RESUMEN: Con la entrada en vigencia de la Resolución 0627 de 2006, reglamentándose la altura de 4m sobre el nivel del piso como estrategia de medición para evaluar los niveles de ruido ambiental, se ha creado una gran controversia entre las entidades ambientales gubernamentales, los académicos y profesionales del sector, sobre las implicaciones económicas, logísticas y operativas para el desarrollo del trabajo de campo. Con el propósito de determinar si mediciones simultáneas de ruido urbano efectuadas a 1,5 m y 4 m representan o no la misma realidad sonora, se realizó un análisis estadístico a un conjunto de datos obtenidos en el marco de la construcción del mapa de ruido del municipio. Después de un análisis de los datos agrupados por punto, por jornada (diurna y nocturna) y por tipo de día (hábil y no hábil), se infiere que no es posible afirmar la semejanza entre muestras de ruido tomadas a 1,5 m y 4 m de altura, no sólo por las diferencias numéricas, sino que representan realidades sonoras diferentes. ; ABSTARCT: Since Resolution 0627 has been brought into force in 2006, regulating a height of 4 m for measurements of environmental noise, urban noise management policies in Colombia have taken a new course. However, a controversy has arisen involving government officers, academics and professionals as regards economic, logistic and operational implications for the fieldwork. With the objective of assessing whether there is or not a statistically significant difference between urban environmental noise measurements at 1,5 m and 4 m above the floor, a statistical analysis of a large amount of data gathered during the development of the noise map of Medellin, data have been grouped according to measurement site, time of day (daytime and nighttime) and type of day (working and weekend). It is not possible to affirm the noise samples taken at 1,5 m and 4 m above the floor are similar, not only by the numerical differences, but they represent different noise landscapes.