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Among mobile network challenges, there is data traffic growth, an increasing number of connected devices, spectrum limitations, and costly infrastructure updates. In this context, opportunistic D2D communication appears as a solution to offload data, increase capillarity, deliver content in specific scenarios (e.g., emergency) and foster innovative applications and services. Previous standards like LTE discussed D2D broadly. Still, recent research remark that 5G/6G will be D2D's real enablers, given the possibility brought by the human-behavior big data from users' devices.Previous opportunistic D2D forwarding algorithms extracted mobility characteristics for improving content delivery cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, due to constraints, such as limited availability of real traces or the lack of a human-centered networking vision, most initiatives dealt with traditional metrics. Next-generation solutions need a more in-depth vision of human aspects hidden into datasets. Moreover, scenarios useful to mobile carriers lack evaluation. To this end, this thesis guides the reader through the whole process for building a novel Tactful Opportunistic COmmunicaTion Strategy (TOOTS). The proposal consists of: learning human-aspect state-of-art best practices; achieving insights to improve strategy's performance; using, proposing, and analyzing human-aware metrics; combining metrics and insights into the strategy targeting an improved performance in a more realistic mobile scenario; and finally, evaluating the strategy through its strengths and shortcomings. This thesis shows that TOOTS improved the performance of an opportunistic scenario in terms of overhead, delivery rate, and latency through following this process.To achieve the results, first, we survey the human aspect in networking for over a decade. We found that there is an evolution in how the human links to networking challenges. This broader human-aware vision culminates into the Tactful Networking perspective, which we introduce to follow. We complete the literature review by discussing state-of-art opportunistic forwarding strategies, including their contributions, gaps, and open issues. Second, we discuss a framework for enhancing raw human data hidden into datasets. A case study with the MACACO dataset validates the framework through trace characterization results and analysis. Following, we characterize NCCU and GRM datasets to bring insights and to validate TOOTS. The presented and analyzed strategy's metrics come from such datasets' characterization insights.Third, we introduce TOOTS, targeting cost-effective content delivery in a mobile scenario. Afterward, we present the formal definition for choosing the disseminator nodes problem (TOOTS' 1st phase). As motivation, we analyze the overhead and latency of the Epidemic forwarding. Subsequently, we introduce TOOTS' two phases: a Tactful Dissemination Policy and a forwarding algorithm.Finally, we compare TOOTS' effectiveness on its phases with enhanced Store-wait-forward, Epidemic, and Bubble Rap algorithms through real and synthetic traces. Among the main outcomes, in a scenario with a 30 m range, TOOTS reached a 100% delivery ratio with 28% and 73% reduced delivery latency; and with 16% and 27% reduced overhead, respectively, in the real and synthetic datasets. With a restricted (10 m) range, TOOTS was the fastest strategy and the only one that delivered 100% of the contents within the real trace.Consequently, this thesis contributes to addressing the opportunistic content delivery problem in cellular networks by providing a cost-effective human-aware opportunistic solution. The strategy can be applied in different scenarios to assist the operator in delivering content without not necessarily using their legacy network, e.g., by exploring the capillarity of their mobile users, for data offloading and other applications. ; Parmi les défis liés aux réseaux mobiles, il y a la croissance du trafic de données, un nombre croissant d'appareils connectés, des limitations de spectre et des mises à jour d'infrastructure coûteuses. Dans ce contexte, la communication D2D opportuniste apparaît comme une solution pour décharger les données, augmenter la capillarité, fournir du contenu dans des scénarios spécifiques (par exemple, urgence) et favoriser des innovations.Les algorithmes de transfert D2D opportunistes précédents ont extrait les métriques traditionnelles de mobilité pour améliorer la rentabilité de la diffusion de contenu. Les solutions de nouvelle génération nécessitent une vision plus approfondie des aspects humains cachés dans les ensembles de données. À cette fin, cette thèse guide le lecteur tout au long du processus de construction d'une nouvelle stratégie tactique de coopération opportuniste (TOOTS). La proposition consiste à: apprendre les meilleures pratiques de pointe sur l'aspect humain; obtenir des informations pour améliorer les performances de la stratégie; utiliser, proposer et analyser des métriques sensibles aux humains; combiner des métriques et des aperçus dans la stratégie visant une performance améliorée dans un scénario mobile plus réaliste; et enfin, évaluer la stratégie à travers ses forces et ses faiblesses. Cette thèse montre que TOOTS a amélioré les performances d'un scénario opportuniste en termes de surcharge, de taux de livraison et de latence en suivant ce processus.Pour atteindre les résultats, dans l'étude de l'aspect humain du réseautage, nous avons constaté qu'il y avait une évolution dans les liens humains avec les défis du réseau mobile. Cette vision culmine dans la perspective Tactful Networking, que nous introduisons pour suivre. Nous complétons la revue de la littérature en discutant des stratégies de transfert opportunistes de pointe, y compris leurs contributions, leurs lacunes et leurs problèmes en suspens. Deuxièmement, nous discutons d'un cadre pour améliorer les données humaines brutes cachées dans des ensembles de données. Une étude de cas avec l'ensemble de données MACACO valide le cadre grâce aux résultats de caractérisation des traces et à l'analyse. Ensuite, nous caractérisons les ensembles de données NCCU et GRM pour apporter des informations et valider TOOTS. Les métriques de la stratégie présentées et analysées proviennent des informations de caractérisation de ces ensembles de données.Troisièmement, nous introduisons TOOTS, qui vise la diffusion de contenu rentable dans un scénario mobile. Ensuite, nous présentons la définition formelle du choix du problème des nœuds de dissémination (1ère phase de TOOTS). En guise de motivation, nous analysons la surcharge et la latence de la transmission épidémique. Par la suite, nous introduisons les deux phases de TOOTS: une politique de diffusion avec tact et un algorithme de transmission.Enfin, nous comparons l'efficacité de TOOTS sur ses phases avec des algorithmes améliorés Store-wait-forward, Epidemic et Bubble Rap via des traces réelles et synthétiques. Parmi les principaux résultats, dans un scénario avec une portée de 30 m, TOOTS a atteint un taux de livraison de 100% avec une latence de livraison réduite de 28% et 73%; et avec 16% et 27% de frais généraux réduits, respectivement, dans les ensembles de données réels et synthétiques. Avec une portée limitée (10 m), TOOTS était la stratégie la plus rapide et la seule à livrer 100% du contenu dans la trace réelle.Par conséquent, cette thèse contribue à résoudre le problème de la livraison de contenu opportuniste dans les réseaux cellulaires en fournissant une solution opportuniste rentable et consciente de l'homme. La stratégie peut être appliquée dans différents scénarios pour aider l'opérateur à diffuser du contenu sans nécessairement utiliser son ancien réseau, par exemple en explorant la capillarité de ses utilisateurs mobiles, pour le déchargement de données et d'autres applications.

As práticas de linguagem em ambientes midiáticos se realizam, crescentemente, sob o impacto da transmídia (JENKINS, 2008), ou trânsito de conteúdos entre mídias. Tal migração acontece incessantemente entre ambientes como a televisão e a internet. Assim, nos questionamos como ocorre a construção de sentidos em gêneros audiovisuais que sofrem mudança de suporte. Apropriamo-nos de reflexões como a de Kress (2010) para identificar o potencial significativo das semioses num corpus composto por três vídeos do site YouTube. A análise se baseia na categoria de metafunção (KRESS; van LEEUWEN, 2006). Observamos que a mudança de suporte ocasiona um reordenamento dessas macrofunções.

Between the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, couples all around Europe began to deliberately limit their offspring, leading to an unparalleled decline in fertility levels. Even though these transformations affected all European societies, they did not happen for everyone in all places at the same time. Changes in family behaviour typically started in certain groups in specific places and later spread to the rest of the population. The underlying mechanisms of the spread of new fertility trends, however, are still a matter of debate. On the one hand, it could be argued that the determinants of fertility change – such as economic and cultural shifts – do not happen simultaneously everywhere. On the other hand, it has been suggested that there could be something more behind the patterns of change: diffusion processes, via the exchange of ideas and information between people, could affect the spread of new behaviours. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the spread of modern fertility behaviour in Belgium during the fertility transition. To this end, the research relies on a unique body of data gathered from different sources between 1886 and 1934. The datasets offer a high level of spatial and temporal precision and combine macro and micro perspectives. Different quantitative methods are employed in order to investigate the impact of diffusion on the timing, the pace and the geography of fertility decline. ; (POLS - Sciences politiques et sociales) -- UCL, 2015

Between the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, couples all around Europe began to deliberately limit their offspring, leading to an unparalleled decline in fertility levels. Even though these transformations affected all European societies, they did not happen for everyone in all places at the same time. Changes in family behaviour typically started in certain groups in specific places and later spread to the rest of the population. The underlying mechanisms of the spread of new fertility trends, however, are still a matter of debate. On the one hand, it could be argued that the determinants of fertility change – such as economic and cultural shifts – do not happen simultaneously everywhere. On the other hand, it has been suggested that there could be something more behind the patterns of change: diffusion processes, via the exchange of ideas and information between people, could affect the spread of new behaviours. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the spread of modern fertility behaviour in Belgium during the fertility transition. To this end, the research relies on a unique body of data gathered from different sources between 1886 and 1934. The datasets offer a high level of spatial and temporal precision and combine macro and micro perspectives. Different quantitative methods are employed in order to investigate the impact of diffusion on the timing, the pace and the geography of fertility decline. ; (POLS - Sciences politiques et sociales) -- UCL, 2015

Resumo: O presente estudo sustenta o surgimento de um novo paradigma do Estado de Direito, em razão da indispensável absorção pelo constitucionalismo das conquistas na seara da Justiça de Transição. Trata-se de uma nova perspectiva que, ao utilizar raciocínio hipotético-dedutivo e dados de natureza primária (acórdãos e leis) e secundária (entendimentos doutrinários), leva em consideração não apenas o Estado, mas também a sociedade civil, vislumbrando de forma simultânea os fatos ocorridos no passado e o futuro do processo constitucional, de modo a incorporar ao constitucionalismo social-democrático a tolerância, o consenso, a busca pela verdade, a solidariedade e a efetiva participação do cidadão. Assim é que, à luz da Justiça de Transição e da abordagem de "constitucionalismo do futuro" realizada por José Roberto Dromi, procura-se estabelecer os contornos e limites do Estado Transicional de Direito, compatibilizando a ampla proteção das minorias com o direito à verdade.

Experiência nas freguesias centrais da Corte nas décadas anteriores a 1888 -- Escravizados moralmente lutam contra a escravidão de fato -- Trabalho e cidadania entre os trabalhadores cariocas do fim do XIX -- Cidadania e classe : paralelos entre 1888 e 1988

The purpose of this study is to investigate the socioeconomic evolution of large housing estates in Brussels, Belgium, in particular their role in shaping residential segregation in the city. As in many European countries, modernist and functionalist ideas of the mid-twentieth century led to the raising of large housing estates in Brussels, in an attempt to offer middle-class households affordable yet modern and comfortable dwellings. However, contrary to other countries, the development in Belgium was marked by general housing policies that promoted homeownership, with limited investment in social housing, and a lack of laws and political vision related to spatial planning Whereas some public ensembles were conceived by modernist architects, most of Brussels' large housing estates were built by private contractors in peripheral neighbourhoods and were aimed at homeownership of the lower middle class. In this chapter, we first present a brief historical perspective of the policies, ideologies and territorial processes that made it possible for housing estates to develop and spread in Brussels. Next, we analyse how large housing estates evolved since the 1990s in terms of socioeconomic composition and the role they play in segregation. We finally discuss the challenges, current perspectives and political awareness with respect to large housing estate. Our findings point out that Brussels' housing estates are spatially scattered and have only a limited impact on the concentration of deprivation and foreign nationals. However, the trends identified in our study indicate that housing estates can become important socioeconomic fractures at the local level.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the socioeconomic evolution of large housing estates in Brussels, Belgium, in particular their role in shaping residential segregation in the city. As in many European countries, modernist and functionalist ideas of the mid-twentieth century led to the raising of large housing estates in Brussels, in an attempt to offer middle-class households affordable yet modern and comfortable dwellings. However, contrary to other countries, the development in Belgium was marked by general housing policies that promoted homeownership, with limited investment in social housing, and a lack of laws and political vision related to spatial planning Whereas some public ensembles were conceived by modernist architects, most of Brussels' large housing estates were built by private contractors in peripheral neighbourhoods and were aimed at homeownership of the lower middle class. In this chapter, we first present a brief historical perspective of the policies, ideologies and territorial processes that made it possible for housing estates to develop and spread in Brussels. Next, we analyse how large housing estates evolved since the 1990s in terms of socioeconomic composition and the role they play in segregation. We finally discuss the challenges, current perspectives and political awareness with respect to large housing estate. Our findings point out that Brussels' housing estates are spatially scattered and have only a limited impact on the concentration of deprivation and foreign nationals. However, the trends identified in our study indicate that housing estates can become important socioeconomic fractures at the local level.

Neste artigo apresentamos um professor de artes acompanhado de seis crianças da periferia de Macaé/RJ à procura dos animais do Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba para serem desenhados numa prancheta de papel. As imagens fazem parte do registro de campo do Curso de Cinema Ambiental da UFRJ Macaé, conduzido no ano de 2013. Para construção do filme, fruto do curso, foi utilizado como referencial teórico as ideias de diálogo do pensador Paulo Freire. Ao seguirmos uma formiga na paisagem da restinga, diluímos as fronteiras entre a natureza e sociedade, conforme indica a teoria ator-rede. Com este registro visual pretendemos mostrar que as dicotomias criadas pelas ideias da ciência positivista são mais imaginárias do que real.Palavras-Chave: Cinema. Educação ambiental. Teoria ator-rede. Diálogo. Formiga.The boundary between the community and the conservation unit chewed by the ant-ounceAbstractIn this article we present a teacher of arts, accompanied by six children from the suburbs of Macaé/RJ in search of the animals of Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park to be drawn on a paper clipboard. The images are part of the field record of the UFRJ Macaé Environmental Film Course, conducted in 2013. For the construction of the film, as a result of the course, the ideas of dialogue of the thinker Paulo Freire were used as a theoretical reference. As we follow an ant in the restinga landscape, we dilute the boundaries between nature and society, as the actor-network theory indicates. With this visual record we are interested in showing that the dichotomies created by the ideas of positivist science are more imaginary than real.Keywords: Cinema. Environmental education. Actor-network theory. Dialogue. Ant.

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate whether diffusion contributed to the geography and the speed of the fertility transition. To this end, we assembled a new and unique dataset from historical sources in Belgium containing yearly information on fertility at the municipality level and a range of structural and cultural indicators over 47 years (1887–1934). We use this dataset in diffusion models based on multilevel event‐history analysis. We find that diffusion between neighboring places influenced the geography of the fertility transition only in its early stages; and diffusion accelerated the speed at which municipalities initiated fertility decline at the onset of the transition. We argue that, in the early stages of the transition, the bulk of people's interactions was confined to their own communities and neighboring places and, as such, new ideas, attitudes, and information about fertility would spread among adjacent areas. Later on, since the turn of the twentieth century, the way people interacted in space was transformed by the growing urbanization, the development of transportation infrastructure and labor migration. In this new context, opportunities for social learning were less constrained by space.

Abstract Given the growth the oil industry faced in contemporary Brazil and, since the Environmental Education is a compensatory measure in the federal environmental licensing, the aims of the present article are: i) mapping the publications on "environmental vulnerability"; ii) checking on the incorporation of such concept into the institutional and legal environmental education (EE) framework in oil licensing iii) understanding how the mentioned concept is used by economic agents in Macaé city. The methodology consisted of a participant observation approach used during the implementation of an EA program in Macae between 2012 and 2014, as well as of literature review, data collection in the legislation on EA in oil licensing and in technical documents produced by economic agents. Despite the advancement of academic discussions about the "environmental vulnerability" concept, we see the absence of clear criteria to define the social groups in vulnerability situations in educational activities concerning the environmental licensing.