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International audience ; The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible implications for national representation and for the principle of vote equality, of the 2018 constitutional National Assembly reform project. This could, among other changes, lead to a 30% decrease in the number of national parliamentarians in France (i.e. from 577 to 404). The study does not follow the classic lines of electoral geography, which generally deals with gerrymandering, spatial analysis of the vote, or its explanation using sociodemographic or geographic variables. Our objective is rather to identify and, applying spatial analysis and political science, understand the potential impacts of a decrease in the number of MPs (Members of Parliament) on national representation. Using GIS analyses, we first demonstrate that the present electoral boundaries produce major inequalities in population and territory representation. For example, with the current 577 MPs the inhabitants of certain legislative districts are better represented, as they are up to 2.34 times less numerous in designating their local MP. Moreover, the size of the current constituencies can vary from 3 to 5589 km². With the planned decrease in the number of MPs, the issue is to know if it will widen these demographic and territorial representation inequalities. As the way to allocate the new 404 MPs in the national territory has not been defined yet, we explore the impacts of different allocation methods which more or less take into account the current constraints for the definition of electoral boundaries (for example the fact that each "department" must have a parliamentary seat). More particularly, the two classic paradigms for allocating seats are compared: the largest remainder method, and the highest averages or Sainte-Laguë method. The first, based on proportionality, is enshrined in the French Constitution, while the second is based on a divisor method. We show how these two approaches do not target the same objective, and how their impacts on ...

International audience ; The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible implications for national representation and for the principle of vote equality, of the 2018 constitutional National Assembly reform project. This could, among other changes, lead to a 30% decrease in the number of national parliamentarians in France (i.e. from 577 to 404). The study does not follow the classic lines of electoral geography, which generally deals with gerrymandering, spatial analysis of the vote, or its explanation using sociodemographic or geographic variables. Our objective is rather to identify and, applying spatial analysis and political science, understand the potential impacts of a decrease in the number of MPs (Members of Parliament) on national representation. Using GIS analyses, we first demonstrate that the present electoral boundaries produce major inequalities in population and territory representation. For example, with the current 577 MPs the inhabitants of certain legislative districts are better represented, as they are up to 2.34 times less numerous in designating their local MP. Moreover, the size of the current constituencies can vary from 3 to 5589 km². With the planned decrease in the number of MPs, the issue is to know if it will widen these demographic and territorial representation inequalities. As the way to allocate the new 404 MPs in the national territory has not been defined yet, we explore the impacts of different allocation methods which more or less take into account the current constraints for the definition of electoral boundaries (for example the fact that each "department" must have a parliamentary seat). More particularly, the two classic paradigms for allocating seats are compared: the largest remainder method, and the highest averages or Sainte-Laguë method. The first, based on proportionality, is enshrined in the French Constitution, while the second is based on a divisor method. We show how these two approaches do not target the same objective, and how their impacts on ...

International audience ; The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible implications for national representation and for the principle of vote equality, of the 2018 constitutional National Assembly reform project. This could, among other changes, lead to a 30% decrease in the number of national parliamentarians in France (i.e. from 577 to 404). The study does not follow the classic lines of electoral geography, which generally deals with gerrymandering, spatial analysis of the vote, or its explanation using sociodemographic or geographic variables. Our objective is rather to identify and, applying spatial analysis and political science, understand the potential impacts of a decrease in the number of MPs (Members of Parliament) on national representation. Using GIS analyses, we first demonstrate that the present electoral boundaries produce major inequalities in population and territory representation. For example, with the current 577 MPs the inhabitants of certain legislative districts are better represented, as they are up to 2.34 times less numerous in designating their local MP. Moreover, the size of the current constituencies can vary from 3 to 5589 km². With the planned decrease in the number of MPs, the issue is to know if it will widen these demographic and territorial representation inequalities. As the way to allocate the new 404 MPs in the national territory has not been defined yet, we explore the impacts of different allocation methods which more or less take into account the current constraints for the definition of electoral boundaries (for example the fact that each "department" must have a parliamentary seat). More particularly, the two classic paradigms for allocating seats are compared: the largest remainder method, and the highest averages or Sainte-Laguë method. The first, based on proportionality, is enshrined in the French Constitution, while the second is based on a divisor method. We show how these two approaches do not target the same objective, and how their impacts on ...

International audience ; The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible implications for national representation and for the principle of vote equality, of the 2018 constitutional National Assembly reform project. This could, among other changes, lead to a 30% decrease in the number of national parliamentarians in France (i.e. from 577 to 404). The study does not follow the classic lines of electoral geography, which generally deals with gerrymandering, spatial analysis of the vote, or its explanation using sociodemographic or geographic variables. Our objective is rather to identify and, applying spatial analysis and political science, understand the potential impacts of a decrease in the number of MPs (Members of Parliament) on national representation. Using GIS analyses, we first demonstrate that the present electoral boundaries produce major inequalities in population and territory representation. For example, with the current 577 MPs the inhabitants of certain legislative districts are better represented, as they are up to 2.34 times less numerous in designating their local MP. Moreover, the size of the current constituencies can vary from 3 to 5589 km². With the planned decrease in the number of MPs, the issue is to know if it will widen these demographic and territorial representation inequalities. As the way to allocate the new 404 MPs in the national territory has not been defined yet, we explore the impacts of different allocation methods which more or less take into account the current constraints for the definition of electoral boundaries (for example the fact that each "department" must have a parliamentary seat). More particularly, the two classic paradigms for allocating seats are compared: the largest remainder method, and the highest averages or Sainte-Laguë method. The first, based on proportionality, is enshrined in the French Constitution, while the second is based on a divisor method. We show how these two approaches do not target the same objective, and how their impacts on ...

International audience ; The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible implications for national representation and for the principle of vote equality, of the 2018 constitutional National Assembly reform project. This could, among other changes, lead to a 30% decrease in the number of national parliamentarians in France (i.e. from 577 to 404). The study does not follow the classic lines of electoral geography, which generally deals with gerrymandering, spatial analysis of the vote, or its explanation using sociodemographic or geographic variables. Our objective is rather to identify and, applying spatial analysis and political science, understand the potential impacts of a decrease in the number of MPs (Members of Parliament) on national representation. Using GIS analyses, we first demonstrate that the present electoral boundaries produce major inequalities in population and territory representation. For example, with the current 577 MPs the inhabitants of certain legislative districts are better represented, as they are up to 2.34 times less numerous in designating their local MP. Moreover, the size of the current constituencies can vary from 3 to 5589 km². With the planned decrease in the number of MPs, the issue is to know if it will widen these demographic and territorial representation inequalities. As the way to allocate the new 404 MPs in the national territory has not been defined yet, we explore the impacts of different allocation methods which more or less take into account the current constraints for the definition of electoral boundaries (for example the fact that each "department" must have a parliamentary seat). More particularly, the two classic paradigms for allocating seats are compared: the largest remainder method, and the highest averages or Sainte-Laguë method. The first, based on proportionality, is enshrined in the French Constitution, while the second is based on a divisor method. We show how these two approaches do not target the same objective, and how their impacts on ...

International audience ; After different failures observed in the use of church tombs for alerting the population during the early 1930 and under a passive defense following the Second World War, the French government have decided to deploy the National Alert Network (NAN) since 1954. The signal sent by the sirens was intended to interrupt all the social activities, and the sound was likely to induce "adapted" behavior by the concerned authorities but also by the inhabitants. However, the NAN remains often not used to alert population, as recalled after the flash floods observed in the Aude basin river the 2018, October, 15th. Thus, this article involves to a further assessment and evaluation of supports and drawbacks of the NAN face to flash floods. Results obtained in the department of Vaucluse confirms that most of the sirens are not located in sensitive areas, thus we cannot hope to use such notifications for alerting the populations. Several improvements are explored, namely because the government has decided to replace this NAN with a new system, SAIP (System of Alert and Information for the Population), whose deployment began at the metropolitan scale in 2017 and whose operationality is expected for 2022. ; Depuis 1954, sous couvert d'une défense passive post-Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et pour pallier les défaillances d'utilisation des tocsins des églises pendant les inondations de 1930, l'État a déployé en France le RNA (Réseau National d'Alerte), composé essentiellement de sirènes. Le signal associé était destiné à interrompre toutes les activités sociales, et il était censé induire un comportement « approprié » de la part des autorités et des habitants concernés pour face à un danger, quelle qu'en soit la nature. Mais au fil des années, le RNA est devenu désuet et vieillissant et dans la majorité des cas, l'hésitation et les incertitudes sur les évolutions attendues des aléas en cours conduisent plus les autorités à une inaction plus qu'à une réelle réactivité. Pour autant, les sirènes restent l'outil ...

International audience ; After different failures observed in the use of church tombs for alerting the population during the early 1930 and under a passive defense following the Second World War, the French government have decided to deploy the National Alert Network (NAN) since 1954. The signal sent by the sirens was intended to interrupt all the social activities, and the sound was likely to induce "adapted" behavior by the concerned authorities but also by the inhabitants. However, the NAN remains often not used to alert population, as recalled after the flash floods observed in the Aude basin river the 2018, October, 15th. Thus, this article involves to a further assessment and evaluation of supports and drawbacks of the NAN face to flash floods. Results obtained in the department of Vaucluse confirms that most of the sirens are not located in sensitive areas, thus we cannot hope to use such notifications for alerting the populations. Several improvements are explored, namely because the government has decided to replace this NAN with a new system, SAIP (System of Alert and Information for the Population), whose deployment began at the metropolitan scale in 2017 and whose operationality is expected for 2022. ; Depuis 1954, sous couvert d'une défense passive post-Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et pour pallier les défaillances d'utilisation des tocsins des églises pendant les inondations de 1930, l'État a déployé en France le RNA (Réseau National d'Alerte), composé essentiellement de sirènes. Le signal associé était destiné à interrompre toutes les activités sociales, et il était censé induire un comportement « approprié » de la part des autorités et des habitants concernés pour face à un danger, quelle qu'en soit la nature. Mais au fil des années, le RNA est devenu désuet et vieillissant et dans la majorité des cas, l'hésitation et les incertitudes sur les évolutions attendues des aléas en cours conduisent plus les autorités à une inaction plus qu'à une réelle réactivité. Pour autant, les sirènes restent l'outil ...

International audience ; After different failures observed in the use of church tombs for alerting the population during the early 1930 and under a passive defense following the Second World War, the French government have decided to deploy the National Alert Network (NAN) since 1954. The signal sent by the sirens was intended to interrupt all the social activities, and the sound was likely to induce "adapted" behavior by the concerned authorities but also by the inhabitants. However, the NAN remains often not used to alert population, as recalled after the flash floods observed in the Aude basin river the 2018, October, 15th. Thus, this article involves to a further assessment and evaluation of supports and drawbacks of the NAN face to flash floods. Results obtained in the department of Vaucluse confirms that most of the sirens are not located in sensitive areas, thus we cannot hope to use such notifications for alerting the populations. Several improvements are explored, namely because the government has decided to replace this NAN with a new system, SAIP (System of Alert and Information for the Population), whose deployment began at the metropolitan scale in 2017 and whose operationality is expected for 2022. ; Depuis 1954, sous couvert d'une défense passive post-Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et pour pallier les défaillances d'utilisation des tocsins des églises pendant les inondations de 1930, l'État a déployé en France le RNA (Réseau National d'Alerte), composé essentiellement de sirènes. Le signal associé était destiné à interrompre toutes les activités sociales, et il était censé induire un comportement « approprié » de la part des autorités et des habitants concernés pour face à un danger, quelle qu'en soit la nature. Mais au fil des années, le RNA est devenu désuet et vieillissant et dans la majorité des cas, l'hésitation et les incertitudes sur les évolutions attendues des aléas en cours conduisent plus les autorités à une inaction plus qu'à une réelle réactivité. Pour autant, les sirènes restent l'outil ...

International audience ; After different failures observed in the use of church tombs for alerting the population during the early 1930 and under a passive defense following the Second World War, the French government have decided to deploy the National Alert Network (NAN) since 1954. The signal sent by the sirens was intended to interrupt all the social activities, and the sound was likely to induce "adapted" behavior by the concerned authorities but also by the inhabitants. However, the NAN remains often not used to alert population, as recalled after the flash floods observed in the Aude basin river the 2018, October, 15th. Thus, this article involves to a further assessment and evaluation of supports and drawbacks of the NAN face to flash floods. Results obtained in the department of Vaucluse confirms that most of the sirens are not located in sensitive areas, thus we cannot hope to use such notifications for alerting the populations. Several improvements are explored, namely because the government has decided to replace this NAN with a new system, SAIP (System of Alert and Information for the Population), whose deployment began at the metropolitan scale in 2017 and whose operationality is expected for 2022. ; Depuis 1954, sous couvert d'une défense passive post-Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et pour pallier les défaillances d'utilisation des tocsins des églises pendant les inondations de 1930, l'État a déployé en France le RNA (Réseau National d'Alerte), composé essentiellement de sirènes. Le signal associé était destiné à interrompre toutes les activités sociales, et il était censé induire un comportement « approprié » de la part des autorités et des habitants concernés pour face à un danger, quelle qu'en soit la nature. Mais au fil des années, le RNA est devenu désuet et vieillissant et dans la majorité des cas, l'hésitation et les incertitudes sur les évolutions attendues des aléas en cours conduisent plus les autorités à une inaction plus qu'à une réelle réactivité. Pour autant, les sirènes restent l'outil ...

International audience ; After different failures observed in the use of church tombs for alerting the population during the early 1930 and under a passive defense following the Second World War, the French government have decided to deploy the National Alert Network (NAN) since 1954. The signal sent by the sirens was intended to interrupt all the social activities, and the sound was likely to induce "adapted" behavior by the concerned authorities but also by the inhabitants. However, the NAN remains often not used to alert population, as recalled after the flash floods observed in the Aude basin river the 2018, October, 15th. Thus, this article involves to a further assessment and evaluation of supports and drawbacks of the NAN face to flash floods. Results obtained in the department of Vaucluse confirms that most of the sirens are not located in sensitive areas, thus we cannot hope to use such notifications for alerting the populations. Several improvements are explored, namely because the government has decided to replace this NAN with a new system, SAIP (System of Alert and Information for the Population), whose deployment began at the metropolitan scale in 2017 and whose operationality is expected for 2022. ; Depuis 1954, sous couvert d'une défense passive post-Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et pour pallier les défaillances d'utilisation des tocsins des églises pendant les inondations de 1930, l'État a déployé en France le RNA (Réseau National d'Alerte), composé essentiellement de sirènes. Le signal associé était destiné à interrompre toutes les activités sociales, et il était censé induire un comportement « approprié » de la part des autorités et des habitants concernés pour face à un danger, quelle qu'en soit la nature. Mais au fil des années, le RNA est devenu désuet et vieillissant et dans la majorité des cas, l'hésitation et les incertitudes sur les évolutions attendues des aléas en cours conduisent plus les autorités à une inaction plus qu'à une réelle réactivité. Pour autant, les sirènes restent l'outil ...

International audience ; After different failures observed in the use of church tombs for alerting the population during the early 1930 and under a passive defense following the Second World War, the French government have decided to deploy the National Alert Network (NAN) since 1954. The signal sent by the sirens was intended to interrupt all the social activities, and the sound was likely to induce "adapted" behavior by the concerned authorities but also by the inhabitants. However, the NAN remains often not used to alert population, as recalled after the flash floods observed in the Aude basin river the 2018, October, 15th. Thus, this article involves to a further assessment and evaluation of supports and drawbacks of the NAN face to flash floods. Results obtained in the department of Vaucluse confirms that most of the sirens are not located in sensitive areas, thus we cannot hope to use such notifications for alerting the populations. Several improvements are explored, namely because the government has decided to replace this NAN with a new system, SAIP (System of Alert and Information for the Population), whose deployment began at the metropolitan scale in 2017 and whose operationality is expected for 2022. ; Depuis 1954, sous couvert d'une défense passive post-Seconde Guerre Mondiale, et pour pallier les défaillances d'utilisation des tocsins des églises pendant les inondations de 1930, l'État a déployé en France le RNA (Réseau National d'Alerte), composé essentiellement de sirènes. Le signal associé était destiné à interrompre toutes les activités sociales, et il était censé induire un comportement « approprié » de la part des autorités et des habitants concernés pour face à un danger, quelle qu'en soit la nature. Mais au fil des années, le RNA est devenu désuet et vieillissant et dans la majorité des cas, l'hésitation et les incertitudes sur les évolutions attendues des aléas en cours conduisent plus les autorités à une inaction plus qu'à une réelle réactivité. Pour autant, les sirènes restent l'outil ...

[ES] This data-paper presents and describes a consolidated, harmonized, internationally comparable database to quantify the impacts of the housing affordability crisis. Local harmonized indicators allow to examine the unequal spatial patterns of housing affordability across a selection of European cities. This study seeks at informing and mapping the increased and unequal affordability gap, a critical issue for social cohesion and sustainability in metropolitan areas in Europe. We characterize affordability with measures of price (property and rent) and income in a selection of European Functional Urban Areas (FUAs). The methodological goal was to cope with a data gap, i.e. a lack of harmonized spatial data to map and analyze affordability in Europe. This research, conducted in 2018-19 by a European consortium for the ESPON agency, covers 4 countries and one cross-border region: Geneva (Switzerland), Annecy-Annemasse, Avignon and Paris (France), Madrid, Barcelona and Palma de Majorca (Spain) and Warsaw, Łódź and Krakow (Poland). We bring insights on how institutional data (i.e. transactions data), can be bridged with unconventional data ("big data" harvested on line) to provide a cost-effective and harmonized data collection effort that can contribute to compare affordability within cities (between neighborhoods) and across cities, using various geographical levels (1km square-grid, municipalities, FUA). We present the structure of the database, how it has been constructed in a reproducible manner; we document the validation process, the strengths and limitations of the data provided, and document the reproducibility of the workflow. ; [FR] Cet article présente et décrit une base de données consolidée, harmonisée et comparable au niveau international pour quantifier les impacts de la crise de l'accessibilité (ou abordabilité) du logement. Cette base de données permet de caractériser l'inégale abordabilité du logement dans une sélection de métropoles européennes, une question cruciale pour la cohésion sociale et la durabilité dans les zones métropolitaines en Europe. La question porte sur l'inégalité d'accès au logement, en fonction des revenus. Mais cet écart s'est creusé au cours des dernières décennies : depuis les années 1990, les prix des logements ont en moyenne augmenté plus vite que les revenus des résidents et des acheteurs. La base de données caractérise l'abordabilité à l'aide de mesures du prix (propriété et loyer) et du revenu dans une sélection de zones urbaines fonctionnelles européennes (Functional Urban Areas, FUA). L'objectif méthodologique est de combler une lacune, c'est-à-dire l'absence de données spatiales harmonisées pour cartographier et analyser l'accessibilité financière en Europe. Cette étude, menée en 2018-19 par un consortium européen pour ESPON, couvre 4 pays de la zone et une région transfrontalière : Genève (Suisse), Annecy-Annemasse, Avignon et Paris (France), Madrid, Barcelone et Palma de Majorque (Espagne) et Varsovie, Łódź et Cracovie (Pologne). Nous apportons un éclairage sur la manière dont les données institutionnelles (données sur les transactions) peuvent être rapprochées des données collectées en ligne, et harmonisées pour contribuer à comparer l'accessibilité financière au sein des villes (entre les quartiers) et entre les villes, en utilisant différents niveaux géographiques (grille carroyée de 1 km, municipalités, FUA). Nous présentons la structure de la base de données, comment elle a été construite de manière reproductible ; nous documentons le processus de validation, les forces et les limites des données fournies, et documentons la reproductibilité de l'analyse. ; [ES] Este artículo presenta y describe una base de datos consolidada, armonizada e internacionalmente comparable para cuantificar los impactos de la crisis de acceso a la vivienda, un tema crucial para la cohesión social y sostenibilidad en las áreas metropolitanas de Europa. La base de datos caracteriza tal proceso en una muestra de las metrópolis europeas, abordando la interrogante sobre la desigualdad en el acceso a la vivienda en función de los ingresos, brecha que se ha visto incrementada en las últimas décadas. Desde los años 1990, los precios de la vivienda en promedio han aumentado más rápido que los ingresos de residentes y compradores. La base de datos caracteriza el acceso utilizando medidas de precio (propiedad y arriendo) e ingresos en una selección de áreas urbanas funcionales europeas (FUA). El objetivo metodológico es contribuir al vacío y falta de datos espaciales armonizados para cartografiar y analizar la accesibilidad financiera en Europa. Este estudio, realizado en 2018-19 por un consorcio europeo para ESPON, cubre 4 países de la zona y una región transfronteriza: Ginebra (Suiza); Annecy-Annemasse, Aviñón y París (Francia); Madrid, Barcelona y Palma de Mallorca (España); Varsovia, Lodz y Cracovia (Polonia). El trabajo aporta cómo los datos institucionales (datos en las transacciones) pueden vincularse con los datos recopilados en línea y armonizar una base para contribuir a comparar la accesibilidad financiera al interior de las ciudades (entre barrios) y entre ciudades, utilizando diferentes escalas geográficas (cuadrícula de 1 km, municipios, FUA). Presentamos y documentamos la estructura de la base de datos, su elaboración y validación, las fortalezas y limitaciones de los datos proporcionados, y la reproducibilidad del análisis. ; The transactions BIEN proprietary database was made available by Paris Notaire Service, on the behalf of the Chamber of the Notaries, under an agreement contracted by the LabEx DynamiTe (ANR-11-LABX-0046) consortium and the Univ. Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. Data provided by the INSEE (1 km grid) contains public sector information, made available under ©INSEE, 2013. Mattia Mazzoli is funded by the Conselleria d'Innovació, Recerca i Turisme of the Government of the Balearic Islands and the European Social Fund with grant code FPI/2090/2018. J.J.R., M.M. and P.C. also acknowledge funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the AEI and FEDER (EU) under the grant PACSS (RTI2018-093732-B-C22) and the Maria de Maeztu program for Units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2017-0711). ; Peer reviewed