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5. What Happened to Incumbent Councillors in Greater Sudbury and London, Ontario, in 2014? The Role of the Ontario Ombudsman's Reports on Alleged Secret Meetings6. Accountability and Local Politics: Contextual Barriers and Cognitive Variety; PART THREE: ISSUES REGARDING SERVICES AND GOVERNANCE IN MULTILEVEL GOVERNMENTS; 7. Accountability and Local Collaborative Governance; 8. The Responsiveness Issue and the Blurry Lines of Accountability in Regional Transportation Planning, Governance, and Finance: The Case of Metrolinx; 9. Mirror Image: The Fight against Homelessness in Calgary and Montreal

The literature shows a link between stress and voter turnout, but does stress influence vote choice as well? What would explain such a relationship? Using a survey of Quebec (Canada) voters conducted during the 2017 municipal election (n = 1,130), we show that 1) there is a relationship between stress and vote choice, and 2) voters who consider road congestion to be an important issue and who report being stressed tend to vote for the party that has taken a stand in favor of highway projects and against public transit. While many studies show an association between road congestion and the psychological health of individuals, our research invites us to consider the political impacts of such a relationship.

Le lien entre l'évaluation et la démocratie est ancien. Ce segment thématique illustre les concepts de reddition de compte, de légitimité, de transparence, de participation et présente leurs répercussions sur l'évaluation. Il met également l'accent sur les dimensions de la communication politique qui sont moins souvent discutées dans la littérature en évaluation de programme, les évaluateurs se concentrant davantage sur les dimensions administratives ou de gestion des processus évaluatifs.

AbstractWe explore influences on the number of candidates, and female candidates in particular, who contest mayoral elections in Canada. We draw on an original cross-national data set of election results from mayoral elections in Canada's 100 largest cities between 2006 and 2017. An average of 4.96 candidates contested mayoral elections in this period, and 16 per cent of all candidates were women. Density and mayoral prestige were related to higher numbers of candidates; in contrast, incumbent candidates and the availability of other elected positions were related to lower numbers. Notably, the presence of a female incumbent was related to higher numbers of women running for the position of mayor; in contrast, higher mayoral salaries were associated with an increase in the number of male but not female candidates. This analysis enhances our understanding of the factors underlying contested local elections, as well as the factors that appear to facilitate women contesting local elections.

AbstractWe provide the first wide-scale analysis of the factors that influence voter turnout in Canadian local elections. Drawing on original data from 300 municipal elections conducted from 2004 to 2014, we use ordinary least squares regression with panel-corrected standard errors for time series cross-sections to test explanatory hypotheses related to differences in institutional design, the social-spatial context of these elections, and local competitiveness. Our results show that, although institutional and sociospatial factors influence local turnout, the competitiveness of elections exercises the greatest influence on local electoral participation.

Municipal voter turnout is often considered to be a function of electorate size. According to the rational choice theory of voter behavior, a rational voter is more inclined to abstain in the presence of larger electorates, and more likely to participate in smaller ones. This article examines the impact of electorate size on voter turnout using a multivariate regression model to explain voter participation in Quebec municipalities in the 2009 and 2013 local elections ( N = 1040). Several other assumptions pertaining to the rational voter are also tested. We find that rational choice theory explains 45% of municipal voter participation in these Quebec elections and that it supports the probability of pivotal voting. Our analysis also confirms that the number of electors, number of mayoral candidates, tax rate, presence of a political party, and incumbency have different effects on participation in small and large municipalities.

RésuméAu Canada, la participation électorale à l'échelle municipale est plus faible qu'aux autres échelles de gouvernement et les raisons susceptibles d'expliquer ce moindre engagement sont encore mal connues. À partir des taux de participation à la mairie aux élections de 2005 et de 2009 dans l'ensemble des municipalités du Québec (n = 949), la recherche teste 15 hypothèses explicatives de la participation électorale municipale. Les résultats montrent que quatre facteurs expliquent en grande partie la participation électorale municipale et ses variations. Il s'agit de la taille de l'électorat, de la présence d'un électorat âgé, de la marge victorieuse et du nombre de candidats en lice. Ces résultats permettent de mieux cerner le coût du vote à l'échelle municipale, tout en soulignant la nécessité de réaliser davantage d'enquêtes monographiques sur cet objet au Canada, notamment dans les plus grandes municipalités où la participation électorale y est plus faible.

Internet voting is currently used in binding elections in 10 countries, and is being considered in many others. In almost all instances where it has been implemented, it is offered as a complementary method of voting; often with the aim to make voting easier and thereby improve turnout. In many municipalities in Canada, however, the adoption of online voting has meant the simultaneous elimination of paper ballots. Drawing on data from a large survey of paper and Internet voters in the 2014 municipal elections in the province of Ontario, Canada, this article examines the effects of eliminating paper ballots on electors based on their digital literacy. We show that digital access and literacy are strongly related to voting method when paper ballots are an option. When paper ballots are unavailable, however, the voting population is made up of more technologically savvy electors, though this effect is delayed and does not occur in the first election without paper ballots. We interpret this finding to indicate that the elimination of paper ballots can disenfranchise those on the wrong side of the digital divide.