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This thesis examines the introduction and operation of the rural district council network in Ireland between 1898 and 1925. Foucault?s theory of governmentality and Bellamy?s theory of central- local relations have been used to situate this study of Irish local government in a broader theoretical context. In so doing it has been possible to chart the changing geographies of power in Ireland as the state attempted to increase its control over the Irish population and territory through the introduction of local bodies under close central supervision. To date, few Irish historical geographies or histories have attempted to chart the development of the administrative state in Ireland in the early twentieth century. Historians and historical geographers alike have tended to focus more on the Irish quest for independence, than on the daily running of the state. This thesis addresses this gap by providing an account of an important low-level tier of local government, which is in grave danger of being forgotten. ; TARA (Trinity?s Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

"The Routledge Handbook of the Digital Environmental Humanities explores the digital methods and tools scholars use to observe, interpret and manage nature in several different academic fields. Employing historical, philosophical, linguistic, literary and cultural lenses, this handbook explores how Digital Environmental Humanities, as an emerging field, recognizes its convergence with the environmental humanities. As such, it is empirically, critically and ethically engaged in exploring digitally mediated, visualized, and parsed framings of past, present and future environments, landscapes and cultures. Currently, humanities, geographical, cartographical, informatic and computing disciplines are finding a common space in the DEH, and are bringing the use of digital applications, coding and software into league with literary and cultural studies, and the visual, filmic and performing arts. In doing so, the DEH facilitates trans-disciplinary encounters between fields as diverse as human cognition, and gaming, bioinformatics and linguistics, social media, literature and history, music, painting, philology, philosophy and the earth and environmental sciences. This handbook will be essential reading for those interested in the use of digital tools in study of the environment from a wide range of disciplines, and for those working in the environmental humanities more generally"--

The mid-17th century is characterized by a cluster of explosive volcanic eruptions in the 1630s and 1640s, climatic conditions culminating in the Maunder Minimum as well as political instability and famine in regions of Western and Northern Europe as well as China and Japan. This contribution investigates the sources of the eruptions of the 1630s and 1640s and their possible impact on contemporary climate using ice-core, tree-ring and historical evidence, but will also look into the socio-political context in which they occurred and the human responses they may have triggered. Three distinct sulfur peaks are found in the Greenland ice core record in 1637, 1641-42 and 1646. In Antarctica, only one unambiguous sulfate spike is recorded, peaking in 1642. The resulting bipolar sulfur peak in 1641-1642 can likely be ascribed to the eruption of Mount Parker (6°N, Philippines) on December 26, 1640, but sulfate emitted from Koma-ga-take (42°N, Japan) volcano on July 31, 1641, has potentially also contributed to the sulphate concentrations observed in Greenland at this time. The smaller peaks in 1637 and 1646 can be potentially attributed to the eruptions of Hekla (63°N, Iceland) and Shiveluch (56°N, Russia), respectively. To date, however, none of the candidate volcanoes for the mid-17th century sulphate peaks have been confirmed with tephra preserved in ice cores. Tree-ring and written sources point to cold conditions in the late 1630s and early 1640s in various parts of Europe, and to poor harvests. Yet the early 17th century was also characterized by widespread warfare across Europe – and in particular the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) – rendering any attribution of socio-economic crisis to volcanism challenging. In China and Japan, historical sources point to extreme droughts and famines starting in 1638 (China) and 1640 (Japan), thereby preceding the eruptions of Koma-ga-take (July 31, 1640) and Mount Parker (January 4, 1641). The case of the eruption cluster between 1637 and 1646 and the climatic and societal ...

The mid-17 th century is characterized by a cluster of explosive volcanic eruptions in the 1630s and 1640s, deteriorating climatic conditions culminating in the Maunder Minimum as well as political instability and famine in regions of Western and Northern Europe as well as China and Japan. This contribution investigates the sources of the eruptions of the 1630s and 1640s and their possible impact on contemporary climate using ice-core, tree-ring and historical evidence, but will also look into the socio-political context in which they occurred and the human responses they may have triggered. Three distinct sulfur peaks are found in the Greenland ice core record in 1637, 1641–42 and 1646. In Antarctica, only one unambiguous sulfate spike is recorded, peaking in 1642. The resulting bipolar sulfur peak in 1641–1642 can likely be ascribed to the eruption of Mount Parker (6° N, Philippines) on December 26, 1640, but sulfate emitted from Koma-ga-take (42° N, Japan) volcano on July 31, 1641, has potentially also contributed to the sulphate concentrations observed in Greenland at this time. The smaller peaks in 1637 and 1646 can be potentially attributed to the eruptions of Hekla (63° N, Iceland) and Shiveluch (56° N, Russia), respectively. To date, however, none of the candidate volcanoes for the mid-17 th century sulphate peaks have been confirmed with tephra preserved in ice cores. Tree-ring and written sources point to severe and cold conditions in the late 1630s and early 1640s in various parts of Europe, and to poor harvests. Yet the early 17 th century was also characterized by widespread warfare across Europe – and in particular the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), rendering any attribution of socio-economic crisis to volcanism challenging. In China and Japan, historical sources point to extreme droughts and famines starting in the late 1630s, and thus preceding the eruptions by some years. The case of the eruption cluster in the late 1630s and early 1640s and the climatic and societal conditions recorded in its aftermath thus offer a textbook example of difficulties in (i) unambiguously distinguishing volcanically induced cooling, wetting or drying from natural climate variability, and (ii) attributing political instability, harvest failure and famines solely to volcanic climatic impacts. This example shows that the impacts of past volcanism must always be studied within the contemporary socio-economic contexts, but that it is also time to most past reductive framings and sometimes reactionary oppositional stances in which climate (and environment more broadly) either is or is not deemed an important contributor to major historical events.