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This volume presents a contemporary and comprehensive overview of the great diversity of theoretical interests, new ideas, and practical applications that characterize social psychological approaches to stereotyping and prejudice. All the contributions are written by renowned scholars in the field, with some chapters focusing on fundamental principles, including research questions about the brain structures that help us categorize and judge others, the role of evolution in prejudice, and how prejudice relates to language, communication, and social norms. Several chapters review a new dimension that has frequently been understudied-the role of the social context in creating stereotypes and prejudice. Another set of chapters focuses on applications, particularly how stereotypes and prejudice really matter in everyday life. These chapters include studies of their impact on academic performance, their role in small group processes, and their influence on everyday social interactions. The volume provides an essential resource for students, instructors, and researchers in social and personality psychology, and is also an invaluable reference for academics and professionals in related fields who have an interest in the origins and effects of stereotyping and prejudice.

How do cultures come into existence? Why do they develop particular customs and characteristics rather than others? How do cultures persist and change over time? The purpose of this book is to provide answers to the emergence and continuing evolution of cultures past, present, and future

When do people like or dislike hierarchy? We showed in six studies that people like hierarchy because it is cognitively primarypeople learn to like hierarchy first and equality later. It takes effort to override this initial hierarchy preference in favor of equality, and when the ability to think carefully is limited, preference for hierarchy emerges. We demonstrated this effect using a conceptual replication design. Conceptual replication allows researchers to demonstrate reliability and validity of a hypothesis while advancing scientific knowledge. This case study illustrates theoretical and practical advantages and disadvantages of conceptual replication. As part of our replication process, we collected data from three different populations: community members in the "real-world" as field study, online participants, and students in university labs. We discuss our process of data collection, and strengths and weaknesses of each population choice as well as the use of multiple populations in general. Our research illustrates the advantages of conceptual replication for enhancing confidence in and broadening the scope of hypotheses.

We explore US covert forcible actions against democratic governments and their citizens and show that interdemocratic use of covert force is common and can be accommodated within the theory of democratic peace. Grounded in the Perceptual Theory of Legitimacy, we argue that democracies are constrained by public perceptions of their legitimacy from overtly aggressing against other democratic states. When democracies desire to aggress against their democratic counterparts, they will do so covertly. We test the assumptions of the theory and its implication with (1) laboratory studies of the conflation of democracy with ally status and (2) historical analyses of covert militarized actions and prisoner detention, which show that US forcible actions, when carried out against democracies and their citizens, are carried out clandestinely.