Suchergebnisse

Purpose
The aim of this paper is threefold: to identify the combinations of national culture dimensions that lead to high (or low) entrepreneurial activity (EA) for men and women, to understand the role of economic development as a relevant condition that combines with national culture dimensions to achieve high (or low) male or female EA and to identify the differences between the configurations that lead to those outcomes.


Design/methodology/approach
Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and from the Hofstede Centre for 77 countries, this study uses a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to explore complex causal relations between national culture dimensions, the level of economic development (conditions) and the male and female EA (outcomes).


Findings
This research provides three major insights. First, it is not possible to talk about a single culture that promotes entrepreneurship, but instead in several entrepreneurial cultures. This is particularly interesting when distinguishing between genders, because there are configurations that are specific to one of the genders. Second, different levels of economic development (high/low) combine with national culture dimensions to produce different configurations that can lead to high EA. Third, differences found between the solutions for both genders are higher in the case of the configurations that lead to high EA than in the ones that lead to low EA.


Practical implications
These results are very important to governments and policy makers with the objective of stimulating the EA within their specific countries. When designing public policies to promote entrepreneurship, they should take into consideration the specific cultural context of the country. The cultural context of each country presents multiple dimensions; therefore, the design of public policies should not rely on single, occasional and unarticulated policies. There are countries where the cultural context only promotes EA for males or females. In those cases, the public policies should differentiate between men and women, to be equally effective.


Originality/value
By using a configurational approach, this study identifies several configurations of national culture dimensions and the level of economic development that lead to the same outcomes: high (or low) EA. Some of the configurations are specific to achieving only male or female EA (high or low).

International trade is a key dimension of the world economy, it is a critical factor in raising living standards, increasing employment, and providing a larger variety of goods to consumers around the world. Despite the strong focus that international trade research has received in theoretical terms, the empirical aspects of trade are less clear and justify further research. In this context, it is essential for studies to focus on shedding light on the most important methods used to evaluate the multiple dimensions of trade within this international context. Trade has a myriad of direct and indirect effects, therefore touching several fields of research, including economics, management, finance, international relations, political science, and sociology, which makes it essential to explore.The Handbook of Research on the Empirical Aspects of Strategic Trade Negotiations and Management provides a systematic overview of the latest trends in the empirical analysis of trade from international perspectives. It provides a survey on the methods used to evaluate a specific topic in international trade, enhance knowledge about the multiple facets of international trade around the world, and grant in-depth surveys of previous empirical findings on specific topics in international trade. Important topics covered within this book include trade diversification, regional centrality, ethical pricing, globalization, cultural impacts, and open economies. This book is a valuable reference tool for government officials, policy makers, managers, executives, economists, practitioners, stakeholders, researchers, academicians, and students

ObjectiveThe h‐index is the most diffused bibliometric measure to evaluate publication performance at the author level. Despite its popularity, it is unable to provide a thorough ranking of the authors since it generates many ties. This problem is especially severe in the lower part of the distribution and is a serious shortcoming because the h‐index is used in a variety of decision‐making situations that have profound impacts at both the personal and institutional levels.MethodWe propose a method to differentiate authors with the same h‐index, thereby solving the problem of the ties.ResultsWe conduct an empirical analysis covering 472 economists from the departments of economics of the top 10 world universities. When the h‐index and the measure proposed in this study are considered together, the problem of the ties diminishes dramatically.ConclusionIn this study, we add to the available metrics aiming to increase fairness in ranking and selection processes.

Adopting a long term perspective covering four decades, we evaluate the trade performance of less developed African countries. Besides some general trade indicators, we apply a constant market share analysis in order to decompose export performance into several components with specific economic interpretation. Our main conclusions are: (i) the sectoral specialization structure of exports has remained heavy in commodities but the composition of the basket of goods exported has changed considerably with a very strong concentration in crude oil (mainly in the last two decades), (ii) the geographical structure of exports has also changed, with an important increase of the relative importance of China and USA, (iii) the countries under analysis not only show a negative competitiveness effect, but are also penalized by their sectoral and geographical specialization, and (iv) the most favorable evolution is observed in the most recent sub-period (2000–2007), but it is insufficient to reverse the previous negative trend.

A Economia do Desenvolvimento centra a sua análise nos problemas próprios de uma vasta periferia de países menos desenvolvidos. Neste artigo procurámos produzir um survey conciso das principais abordagens que formam o corpo teórico dessa disciplina quanto aos problemas do desenvolvimento, sistematizando-as em quatro vertentes centrais: (i) teorias da modernização;(ii) teorias da dependência; (iii) teoria do sistema-mundo; (iv) contra-revolução neoclássica. Adicionalmente, debatemos os novos conceitos de desenvolvimento que têm emergido nas últimas décadas e que têm permitido alargar a amplitude associadaao conceito de desenvolvimento econômico, enquadrando-os nas agregações conceptuais de desenvolvimento sustentável, local e humano.Abstract: Development economics centers its analysis on the specific problems of a vast periphery of less developed countries. We survey the central elements that characterize four important theoretical bodies in Development Economics,namely: (i) modernization theories; (ii) dependency theories; (iii) world-system theory; (iv) neoclassical counter-revolution. After that, we analyze some of the new concepts of development - human, local and sustainable development - emphasizing their contribution to a more adequate understanding of the complex and multidimensional phenomenon of development.

The effects of the reduction of international trading costs on the internal economic geography of each country have been very scarcely studied in empirical terms. With data for Portugal since its adhesion to the European Union, we analyze the hypotheses put forward by the new economic geography concerning the evolution of the spatial concentration of the manufacturing industry as a whole and of each individual sector. We use four alternative concentration concepts and data disaggregated both at the level of NUTS III (28 regions) and concelhos (275 regions). Results show a dispersion of manufacturing industry, in line with Krugman and Elizondo's (1996) prediction. Individual sectors show a similar tendency, in contrast with the theoretical hypothesis.

Durante as últimas três décadas, surgiu uma vasta literatura sobre a existência potencial de externalidades do IDE para as empresas nacionais, traduzidas em ganhos de produtividade. Esta ocorrência relaciona-se com o fato de as empresas multinacionais possuírem ativos intangíveis que podem ser transmitidos às empresas nacionais. A análise empírica não dá, contudo, indicações claras sobre o fenômeno. Nesta análise, abordamos o mais vasto conjunto de estudos sobre este tema até hoje reunido, levando em consideração a ocorrência de externalidades intra e inter-setoriais. Destacamos a diversidade de canais e respectivos efeitos através dos quais as externalidades para as empresas nacionais se podem materializar. Delineamos ainda rumos para um melhor esclarecimento dos fatores condicionantes da ocorrência do fenômeno, considerando que diversos estudos empíricos têm mostrado que este existirá, provavelmente, apenas para um subgrupo de empresas nacionais e/ou quando estiverem reunidas determinadas condições.

AbstractThe central and eastern European countries (CEECs) have gone through a dramatic process of industrial restructuring in which the Europe Agreements have played a major role. Using detailed statistics, we analyse the transformation of CEECs' export structures and whether it led to structural convergence with the remaining EU members. We also analyse structural transformation within sectors in terms of quality ranges. The results show that, in general terms, CEECs have converged both at inter‐ and intra‐sectoral levels towards pre‐existing European Union (EU) members. We discuss whether further restructuring and relocation of CEECs' industrial patterns are probable in the aftermath of EU membership.

The effects of the reduction of international trade costs on the internal economic geography of each country have been very scarcely studied in empirical terms. With data for Portugal since its adhesion to the European Union, we test the hypotheses put forward by the new economic geography concerning the evolution of the spatial concentration of the manufacturing industry as a whole and of the different industries individually considered. We consider alternative concentration concepts and data disaggregated both at the level of NUTS III (28 regions) and concelhos (275 regions). Results show a dispersion of total industry as a consequence of the reduction of international trade costs, in line with Krugman and Elizondo (1996)'s prediction. Individual industries show a similar tendency, in contrast with the theoretical hypothesis. ; Financial support provided by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia under SFRH/BD/6412/2001 (supported by the European Social Fund)