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SummaryCross-sectional studies in Australia and the Philippines and a longitudinal prospective study in a selected Australian sample of breast-feeding mothers have shown that basal serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations are elevated during 15–21 months of lactational amenorrhoea.A predictive model of serum PRL levels and return of cyclic ovarian activity during full breast-feeding, partial breast-feeding and weaning has been developed from the results of breast-feeding behaviour and serum PRL, gonadotrophin and oestradiol measurements in 34 mothers breast-feeding on demand for a mean of 67 weeks.Breast-feeding patterns influence serum PRL levels. Important factors during full breast-feeding are the age of the baby, the longest interval between feeds at night and total 24-hr suckling time, and following the introduction of supplements, the mean interval between feeds, together with the total 24-hr suckling time and the number of solid supplements per day.The precise mechanisms whereby breast-feeding regulates cyclic ovarian activity remain unknown. Gonadotrophin secretion appears to be quantitatively normal, but qualitative changes, secondary to altered hypothalamic activity, may be the most important factor. A direct inhibitory effect of PRL on ovarian follicular development and steroidogenesis remains possible.Ovulation with a normal luteal phase is probable for 30% of breast-feeding mothers before the first menses, but is unlikely before 6 months, provided breast-feeding is frequent day and night.Measurement of serum PRL is a sensitive index of the return of menstruation and fertility during lactation in the population studied.

"The new edition of the best-selling text, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches by John W. Creswell and co-author J. David Creswell, continues the pioneering tradition of providing clear and concise instruction for understanding research and developing proposals for all three approaches. This classic text walks students through research methods, starting with a preliminary consideration of philosophical assumptions, continuing with a review of the literature, an assessment of the use of theory in research approaches, and ending with reflections about the importance of writing and ethics in scholarly inquiry in a way that is applicable to all types of research. Coverage of key elements of the research process helps readers organize and develop their research project, giving specific attention to each methodological approach. The book has been lauded for its language and tone, which are both accessible and inviting. Students keep and continue to use this text as a resource throughout their studies, once the specific class is over. The Sixth Edition includes more coverage of community-based participatory research, comparisons of qualitative and quantitative research, an expanded glossary with basic terms, updated examples of social, behavioral, and health research, new coverage of ethical requirements, updated APA 7th edition coverage, and additional exercises aimed at research projects"--

5 pags., 3 figs., 1 tab. -- Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 4.0 ; Gamow-Teller β decay is forbidden if the number of nodes in the radial wave functions of the initial and final states is different. This Δn=0 requirement plays a major role in the β decay of heavy neutron-rich nuclei, affecting the nucleosynthesis through the increased half-lives of nuclei on the astrophysical r-process pathway below both Z=50 (for N>82) and Z=82 (for N>126). The level of forbiddenness of the Δn=1ν1g →π0g transition has been investigated from the β decay of the ground state of Hg into the single-proton-hole nucleus Tl in an experiment at the ISOLDE Decay Station. From statistical observational limits on possible γ-ray transitions depopulating the π0g state in Tl, an upper limit of 3.9×10 % was obtained for the probability of this decay, corresponding to log⁡ft>8.8 within a 95% confidence limit. This is the most stringent test of the Δn=0 selection rule to date. ; Support from the European Union seventh framework through ENSAR contract no. 262010, the Science and Technology Facilities Council through grants ST/P005314/1, ST/L005743/1 and ST/J000051/1 (UK), the MINECO projects FPA2015-64969-P, FPA2015-65035-P and FPA2017-87568-P (Spain), FWO-Vlaanderen (Belgium), GOA/2015/010 (BOF KU Leuven), the Excellence of Science programme (EOS-FWO), and the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme initiated by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BriX network P7/12) is acknowledged. ZsP acknowledges support by the ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany. PHR and SMJ ac-knowledge support from the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy via the National Measurement Office.

12 pags., 11 figs., 3 tabs. -- Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 4.0 ; The occurrence of octupolar shapes in the Ba isotopic chain was recently established experimentally up to N = 90. To further extend the systematics, the evolution of shapes in the most neutron-rich members of the Z = 56 isotopic chain accessible at present, Ba-148,Ba-150, has been studied via beta decay at the ISOLDE Decay Station. This paper reports on the first measurement of the positive-and negative-parity low-spin excited states of 150Ba and presents an extension of the beta-decay scheme of Cs-148. Employing the fast timing technique, half-lives for the 2(1)(+) level in both nuclei have been determined, resulting in T-1/2 = 1.51(1) ns for Ba-148 and T-1/2 = 3.4(2) ns for Ba-150. The systematics of low-spin states, together with the experimental determination of the B(E2 : 2(+) -> 0(+)) transition probabilities, indicate an increasing collectivity in Ba148-150, towards prolate deformed shapes. The experimental data are compared to symmetry conserving configuration mixing (SCCM) calculations, confirming an evolution of increasingly quadrupole deformed shapes with a definite octupolar character. ; The IDS Collaboration acknowledges financial support from Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, the Italian "Programmi di Ricerca Scientifica di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale" (PRIN), contract 2001024324 01302; the European Union seventh framework through ENSAR, contract 262010; the European Unions Horizon 2020 Framework research and innovation program under grant agreement 654002 (ENSAR2); the FATIMA-NuPNET network via the PRI-PIMNUP-2011-1338 project; the Romanian IFA grant CERN/ISOLDE and Romanian PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-2003; the Spanish MINECO projects, reference numbers FPA2013- 41467-P, FPA2015-64969-P, FPA2015-65929, and FIS2015- 63770; Spanish grants FIS-2014-53434-P MINECO and Programa Ramon y Cajal 2012 No. 11420, MINECO grant IJCI-2014-19172, and the MINECO project FPA2014-52823- C2-1-P; the German BMBF under contract 05P15PKCIA, contract 05P15PKFNA, and "Verbundprojekt 05P2015," the FWO-Vlaanderen (Belgium); and the IAP Belgian Science Policy (BriX network P7/12). V.Ch. and Z.P. acknowledge support by the Polish grant of Narodowe Centrum Nauki, no. 2015/18/M/ST2/00523. ; Peer Reviewed