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ABSTRACTThis sewage‐treatment works, which is located within the Lake District National Park, on the shores of England's largest lake, receives flows from the villages of Windermere, Bowness and Troutbeck and serves a population which can double from winter to summer.The paper describes the logistical and other aspects of undertaking construction works within the confines of an existing site whilst maintaining treatment to incoming flows. The background and regulatory influences on the design of the scheme are covered, together with details of the new treatment units and the provision of facilities to strip phosphate from the effluent.

Context The estimation of alert (vigilance) and flight-initiation (escape) distances (AD and FID, respectively) has underpinned theoretical and applied studies of the escape behaviour and management of disturbance to wildlife. Many studies use multiple observers, and some conduct meta-analyses; these efforts assume no observer effects in the estimation of these distances. Aims and methods We compared the estimates of FID and AD under ideal conditions (i.e. of black swans, Cygnus atratus, a large species with obvious behaviour, and at a location where swans allowed close approaches in open habitats), by one experienced and four inexperienced observers. Key results FID did not differ among observers but AD differed between the experienced and all inexperienced observers, and among inexperienced observers. Thus, FID estimates appear more repeatable than those of AD. Experience apparently results in more conservative estimates of AD. Conclusions FID represents a repeatable measure that is consistent across observers. This study supports its broad application in the study of wildlife escape behaviour. Implications We recommend the use of FID rather than AD for comparative analyses that involve multiple observers, because FID is more reliably measured.