Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Endorsements -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary of Terms -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- Humanitarian Protection as a Field of Study -- Theory and Definitions -- Humanitarianism and Humanitarian Protection -- From 'International Security' to 'Human Security' -- From 'Direct Violence' to 'Structural Violence' -- International Relations, Constructivism, and the Study of Norms -- From 'International Society' to 'Global Society' -- The Epistemic Community: Drawing on the Work of Policymakers and Practitioners -- The Structure of the Book -- Notes -- Part I: Origins -- 2. Human Rights and the Cold War -- The United Nations and Human Rights -- The Cold War and Principles of Neutrality, Impartiality, and Humanity -- The Cold War and the Development of Peacekeeping -- The Cold War and Humanitarian Relief -- Notes -- 3. Rethinking Protection after the Cold War -- An Agenda for Peace and the New Peacekeeping -- The United Nations and the Rwandan Genocide -- Francis Deng and 'Sovereignty as Responsibility' -- NATO's Intervention in Kosovo -- The Articulation of the 'Responsibility to Protect' -- Kofi Annan and Two Concepts of Sovereignty -- The ICISS Report: The Responsibility to Protect -- The World Summit and the Responsibility to Protect -- Ban Ki-Moon's Cyril Foster Lecture on Human Protection -- The Responsibility to Protect and the Protection of Refugees and IDPs -- The Arab Spring: Collective Responses to Libya and Syria -- Notes -- Part II: Actors -- 4. States and Regional Organisations -- Norms Advocacy and States -- Reasons for Norm Contestation by States -- Norms Advocacy and Regional Organisations -- Regional Protection Regimes and International Institutions -- Notes -- 5. The United Nations.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An analytical framework for assessing the consolidation of R2P as an international norm -- 3 The antecedents of the Responsibility to Protect (1945-2001) -- 4 The emergence of the Responsibility to Protect as a prospective international norm (2000-2005) -- 5 Institutionalising R2P: the Responsibility to Protect since the 2005 World Summit -- 6 R2P reaction: the Responsibility to Protect and the case of Darfur

"A consolidated norm in international society is defined here as a regularised pattern of behaviour that is widely accepted as appropriate within a given social context. The analysis is based on the assumption that the R2P could be regarded as a consolidated norm if it were applied consistently when genocide and other mass atrocities occur; and if international responses routinely conformed to the core principles inherent in the R2P: seeking government consent, multilateralism, prevention and regionalism. This book employs Finnemore and Sikkink's norm life cycle model to determine the putative norm's degree of consolidation, with in-depth case studies of the international responses to crises in Darfur and Kenya serving to illuminate the findings. It advances the argument that, whilst the R2P had fully emerged as a prospective norm by 2005, it has not yet fully consolidated as an international norm. The R2P has been remarkably successful at pervading the international discourse but has been somewhat less successful at consistency in implementation in terms of adherence to its core principles as outlined above (the qualitative dimension of the R2P). Furthermore, it has been least successful, to date, in terms of consistency across cases in terms of resolve and tenacity. The volume concludes with a reflection on the norm's progress so far, and its prospects for further consolidation, assuming the R2P continues on its current trajectory. This book will be of much interest to students of the Responsibility to Protect, humanitarian intervention, international law, security studies and IR."

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) comprises the responsibility to prevent, to react, and to rebuild. What sets R2P apart from the previously prevailing idea of humanitarian intervention is, first, an emphasis on prevention, and second, a stated preference for a multilaterally coordinated response to crises. The third and perhaps newest feature of R2P is the idea that regional organisations have an important role to play in facilitating conflict resolution and the implementation of the Responsibility to Protect. Kenya's post-election violence in 2007 was widely viewed as the first case of 'R2P prevention'. International mediation efforts by the African Union Panel of Eminent Personalities, under the leadership of the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, and with the support of the UN and other actors, were successful at resolving the conflict without the use of coercive measures. Kenya was seen as R2P's success story – multilaterally orchestrated action to prevent an escalation of conflict, with heavy reliance on regional actors. This paper questions to what extent this account holds true, and whether the Kenyan case really was a successful instance of 'R2P prevention'. An analysis of the Kenyan case ultimately leads to the conclusion that the application of R2P was, in fact, unrelated to the success of the conflict mitigation efforts. The Kenyan context was one which was favourable to the success of the mediation, and it is unlikely R2P would have succeeded without these contingent factors. Nevertheless, the application of R2P to the Kenyan case served to promote R2P as a framework that emphasises non-coercive, preventative intervention facilitated through regional actors.