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On one hand, sustainable business models have been recognized has facilitator to foster the transitions towards sustainability. On the other hand, politics and the scientific community have identified circular economy as the most promising mean to reach sustainability. While challenges regarding sustainability and climate change in urban area will increase, the development of Sustainable Business Model for Circular Economy (SBMfCE) in urban ecosystem is considered as crucial. Although pioneers created SBMfCE in different sectors, scaling up and business case reproductions are still lacking to insure the transition toward sustainability at urban level. The focus is made on one sector in a specific urban area: the built environment in Brussels. In order to give a new momentum to the SBMfCE, this paper analyses through a qualitative research based on institutional isomorphism why SBMfCE are developed at urban level and highlights barriers and enablers faced by actors. Then, it gives some insights linked to normative, coercive and mimetic pressures that could foster SBMfCE. ; Peer reviewed

Problématique Le concept de la smart city émerge comme une vision incitant à la créativité, à l'innovation et au changement inclusif. Différents écrits soulignent l'importance de la dynamique d'acteurs, et principalement le rôle du citoyen dans le développement de sa commune. Dès lors, différentes initiatives sont développées par les communes afin de renforcer les interactions avec l'écosystème. Toutefois, même si des efforts sont observés, est ce que les stratégies communales développées en vue de répondre aux attentes citoyennes reflètent réellement ce dont le citoyen a besoin ? Objet de recherche Depuis 2010, différentes communes belges s'inscrivent dans des politiques de transition durable et intelligente où la qualité de vie et les besoins du citoyen sont au cœur des stratégies communales. C'est dans ce sens que cette recherche explore si les communes entendent ou écoutent réellement le citoyen. La recherche explore, premièrement, la connaissance de la commune de l'ensemble des initiatives locales développées par l'écosystème, deuxièmement, la concordance entre les besoins du citoyen et les projets développés, et troisièmement, la volonté du citoyen à s'impliquer et interagir avec sa commune. Le but est de proposer un aperçu du potentiel impact « excitateur-résonateur » qui peut émerger des interactions entre ces deux parties. Méthodologie Cette recherche a nécessité la réalisation de deux études quantitatives. A cet effet, un recensement a été fait auprès de 123 communes belges et de 438 citoyens de catégories socioprofessionnelles confondues. Le questionnaire adressé aux communes a nécessité six mois de collecte des données. Les résultats descriptifs illustrent les différences entre les communes rurales et urbaines. Le questionnaire adressé aux citoyens est composé de questions ouvertes afin de récolter les impressions du citoyen rural et urbain. Une analyse sémantique des réponses avec un traitement statistique des mots clés a été réalisé pour extraire les principaux résultats. Résultats Un langage de sourd semble se confirmer entre le citoyen et sa commune. Les besoins des citoyens s'articulent autour de la culture, de la cohésion sociale, de l'écologie et du commerce de proximité, tandis que les communes priorisent la numérisation, la mobilité et la participation citoyenne. Par conséquent, 77% des citoyens se sentent peu entendus et pris en compte, même si 98% d'entre eux expriment une volonté de s'impliquer et d'interagir régulièrement (65,30%) par voie numérique avec leur commune. Ces résultats démontrent qu'il existe une relation d'excitateur-résonateur entre le citoyen et sa commune. Même si différentes initiatives sont implémentées pour renforcer la participation citoyenne, le citoyen ne voit pas à ce stade une volonté communale dans ce sens. Une bonne volonté est observée des deux parties, mais des améliorations doivent être conduites afin de développer des projets smart city répondants aux réels défis des gouvernements locaux et des citoyens afin d'assurer une réelle transition perceptible. ; Peer reviewed

Abstract Purpose: In order to be smarter and more sustainable, local governments have to face urban mobility challenges. Even if they integrate sustainable and smart approaches, local governments meet obstacles to define the adapted combination between smart mobility and sustainable mobility. For this propose, this paper aims at understanding the impact of different combinations on the development of mobility strategies in Belgian local governments. The alternative Venn diagrams of urban mobility developed by Lyons (2016) are used as a theoretical lens to explore the link between smartainability and mobility strategy. Design/methodology/approach: An exploratory case study was used for the propose of this study. The case study utilised semi-structured interviews with mobility managers in ten Belgian local governments. To strengthen the analysis, documentary analysis with a focus on publicly-available reports on sustainability, smart city strategies and urban mobility were collected before and after the interviews. Further, different mobility projects initiated by start-ups and organisations of local governments have been collected during different mobility meetings in Belgium. Findings: Even if there is different combinations between smart and sustainable mobility, the definition of sustainability as a part of smart mobility contributes to develop mobility strategy. This ""smartainable"" alternative encourages transitions to anticipate future challenges. Citizens are initiated to new solutions and are eager to contribute in the development of mobility strategy. All public, private and civil actors collaborate to face sustainability challenges like pollution and CO2 emission. Mobility strategy is then more oriented towards integrated smart mobility platforms. Research/practical implications: The outcomes for practice of this paper is to identify the best combination between smart and sustainable approaches to facilitate the development of strategies in local governments. Moreover, these exploratory case studies offer new insights for future research on the concept of smartainability in strategic axes of smart city such as mobility. Originality/value: Current researches on urban mobility follow either a sustainable paradigm or a smart paradigm. There is few researches exploring the interdependencies between the two paradigms. In addition, there is no significant researches which explored the link between smartainability and mobility strategy in the context of public sector. Keywords: key word, key word, key word (3-5) Urban mobility, smart city, sustainability, strategy, local governments. JEL Codes: R41, M48, H76. ; Peer reviewed

The concept of smart city is increasingly coming to the fore in recent literature review. This concept is mainly associated to the increasing interest dedicated to sustainability and social responsibility in local governments. The association between sustainability approach and smart city approach is explored to improve the quality of life, particularly, through the development of urban mobility. To do so, local governments tend to develop adapted management controls to analyse how urban mobility is planned, implemented and developed in the context of an increasing interest of sustainability and smart cities. This paper explores the development of management controls for urban mobility with a focus on sustainability and smart city measures, recently developed in the literature review as a smartainability approach. The paper develops an explorative qualitative study on eight Belgian local governments developing a smartainability overall strategy. The analysis refers to Malmi and Brown's framework to study management controls for mobility in the context of sustainable and smart city approaches. The study required eight semi-structured interviews with sustainability mobility managers and an in-depth document analysis on sustainability and smart city approaches developed in the studied local governments. Finding shows that the development of smartainability management controls for urban mobility is influenced by the association between sustainability and smart city approaches. Even if all local governments develop a smartainability approach, they mainly set a priority on sustainability or on smart city measurements. Whereas sustainability measurements focus on developing alternative, dynamic and inclusive solutions, smart city measurements focus on developing innovative and digital-oriented solutions. Moreover, smartainability management controls are determined by the ability of local governments: (1) to develop a common vision of mobility challenges, (2) to increase collaboration and communication between involved actors, and (3) to develop flexible adaptations regarding to obsolete procedures. Keywords: urban mobility, management controls, smart cities, sustainability, local governments ; Peer reviewed

New researches on the future of urban life explore potential opportunities and threats generated by the emergence of smart cities. These researches mainly highlight the importance of associating sustainability to the emergence of smart cities. They identify several combinations related to how a territory supports both sustainable and smart growth. The corporate citizenship is encouraged by local governments to ensure a sustainable territorial transition, an adequate quality of life and a growing emergence of smart cities. Citizens impact and are impacted by the emergence of sustainability and smart cities. Their understanding of the link between sustainability and smart cities defines the level of their support and engagement towards projects implemented on their territory. The understanding of this link is not well defined in the literature review. Moreover, the association between sustainability, smart cities and citizens is emerging in recent researches only on the improvement of life quality or on strategies to increase corporate citizenship. For this propose, this paper explores how to measure the understanding of the link between sustainability and smart cities. The research explicitly targets 215 business students with a strong interest in sustainability and smart cities to study a specific subcategory of corporate citizens. The paper proposes an explorative quantitative case study based on a factor analysis to measure different understanding between sustainability and smart cities. Based on factors, findings reveal five categories of business students with different understandings: (1) smart city-oriented, (2) sustainability-oriented versus smartness-oriented, (3) discovers, (4) urban development-oriented, and (5) inclusiveness-oriented. Based on axes, sustainability is easily comprehensible comparatively to smart cities. As a result, sustainability is defined as a strategic component in developing smart cities. Moreover, findings highlight that it is necessary to have a direct link between sustainability and smart cities to emerge a sustainable urban development. Key-words: sustainability, smart cities, corporate citizens, understanding, categories ; Peer reviewed

Over the past few years, the phenomenon of Smart City has been perceived as a new way to transform cities and territories. Despite the popularity of the phenomenon, the concept is still fuzz and no agreed definition on Smart Cities exists (Allwinkle & Cruickshank, 2011; Anthopoulos & Vakali, 2012; Hollands, 2008; Komninos, Pallot, & Schaffers, 2013). The concept of Smart City addressed an extensive thematic scope. Smart City research is at an interdisciplinary crossroads (Ricciardi & Za, 2015). A challenge is to identify what can make a city to become smarter (Gil-Garcia, Helbig, & Ojo, 2014)? Governance is a recurring and transversal theme (Dameri & Benevolo, 2016; Gil-Garcia, Pardo, & Nam, 2015). Different aspects and forms of governance in a Smart City are described; multidisciplinary perspective and co-creations are highly promoted (Ben Letaifa, 2015). Smart City publications with governance focus emphasize on interactions between various stakeholders (Meijer & Bolívar, 2016). In the literature on Smart Cities in 2017, what is known about governance and stakeholder's interactions? Which are the theoretical approaches and empirical researches? Which governance principles are highlighted? Which actors are studied? Which territorial scales are considered? To respond to these questions, the paper introduces discussions on "Smart Cities, Stakeholders, Actors, Governance and Urban Governance" to better understand these central concepts. Then, a literature review is constructed based on a broad set of papers. An advanced search query within four databases and a methodical selection of papers furnished a set of 61 documents. Afterwards, some epistemological issues are described as the structure/agency and positive-normative debates. Finally, a discussion underlines the trends, gaps and future path of researches thanks to a confrontation of the results with some theoretical and epistemological considerations. The literature on governance and stakeholders has a late development in the Smart City publications. A fragmentation exists and is reinforced by a literature insufficiently framed by theories. Case studies and empirical researches are dominating. Governmental and private actors remain the two most discussed players, even if, the place of the civil society is gaining importance. The stakeholders' analyses show considerations to an horizontal integration (Urban Governance Theory: Galès, 1998; Pierre, 2014). However, the vertical integration is not addressed as an essential concern. Researches are mainly concentrated at a micro or mezzo level. Researchers should pay attention to the "multilevel governance". They should study processes and institution operations in and between varieties of geographical and organizational scales. ; Peer reviewed

Résumé Au vu de la conscientisation progressive des consommateurs et des entreprises aux enjeux environnementaux et sociaux, le rôle de l'entreprise dans la société s'est progressivement élargi. La mission de l'entreprise ne se limite plus seulement à l'atteinte d'objectifs financiers à court ou à moyen terme pour satisfaire ses actionnaires mais elle inclut également aujourd'hui des préoccupations sociétales qui visent à promouvoir la durabilité de l'entreprise et de son environnement à plus long terme. Parallèlement à cette évolution du rôle de l'entreprise dans la société, le concept de performance de l'entreprise s'est modifié : la vision traditionnelle de la performance qui se limite à une vision financière à court terme de l'entreprise est progressivement remplacée par une vision plus large, plus globale et tridimensionnelle de la performance (Reynaud, 2003), c'est-à-dire incluant l'atteinte non plus uniquement des objectifs économiques de l'entreprise mais des trois catégories d'objectifs du développement durable (économiques, sociaux et environnementaux). Dans ce contexte, depuis quelques années, une série de chercheurs ont analysé comment les outils traditionnels du contrôle de gestion, outils de pilotage et de mesure de la performance, peuvent être adaptés pour prendre en compte une vision plus globale de la performance de l'entreprise. Cet article propose une revue des principales contributions montrant l'importance et les enjeux de la prise en compte de ces deux dimensions, prônées par le Développement Durable, dans les systèmes de contrôle de gestion des entreprises. Plus spécifiquement, après avoir constaté les limites de nombreux outils pour piloter et mesurer adéquatement la performance globale des entreprises, ce papier met en évidence les avantages présentés par la Balanced ScoreCard (BSC), un outil de contrôle de gestion développé par Kaplan et Norton (1992) et mondialement reconnu, pour prendre en compte ces nouvelles dimensions au sein de l'entreprise. Cet article expose ensuite comment cet outil peut être adapté afin de piloter et mesurer le plus adéquatement possible ces nouvelles dimensions, d'une manière intégrée ou non au système de contrôle de gestion traditionnel de l'entreprise. Deux possibilités sont particulièrement finalement envisagées: le découplage ou l'intégration des aspects sociétaux aux aspects traditionnels. Une analyse critique des principaux enseignements des recherches précédentes ainsi que des différentes possibilités d'adaptation de la BSC clôture finalement ce papier.

This paper aims to understand the different resilience pathways local governments may take during moments of crisis, specifically focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic. Through survey responses from local administrations in Wallonia, Belgium, we consider how varied contexts led to different strategic resilience pathways. These pathways range from static (i.e., no strategy) to innovative change. Our findings highlight that digital technology solutions may play a role in supporting resilience across the different pathways. Therefore, we adapt strategic public management literature to suggest propositions for future research to test the specific role that digital technologies play in supporting resilience within local administrations.

Au cours des dernières années, l'intérêt autour du concept de Smart City - ou Territoire Durable et Intelligent - n'a cessé de se développer. En Wallonie, cet intérêt se traduit notamment au travers de la stratégie Digital Wallonia et, en particulier, du programme Smart Région. L'attention autour de la thématique du suivi et de l'évaluation des politiques publiques et des projets Smart City s'est aussi développée, notamment via la publication de différentes recherches (ex. Giffinger, 2007) et projets (ex. CityKeys). En Wallonie, bien que le suivi et l'évaluation rencontrent un certain engouement de manière générale, il n'y a encore aucune publication qui se penche sur le suivi et l'évaluation spécifique aux projets Smart City. Avec ce rapport, nous souhaitons poser les bases de cette réflexion. Pour ce faire, nous formulons deux questions : quelle perception ont les communes wallonnes du monitoring et de l'évaluation des projets ? Quel est l'état d'avancement en matière de monitoring et d'évaluation des projets Smart City en Wallonie au niveau local ? Pour y répondre, nous avons interrogé 25 communes wallonnes. Deux conclusions générales se dégagent. D'une part, bien qu'il y ait un intérêt pour le suivi et l'évaluation de projets, il n'y a généralement pas de culture d'évaluation au sein des communes wallonnes en raison de freins structurels (ex. manque de temps) et contextuels (ex. jeux politiques). D'autre part, il n'y a actuellement que peu de mécanismes de suivi et d'évaluation des projets Smart City mis en place au sein des communes wallonnes et, lorsque c'est le cas, le projet n'est que rarement analysé dans son ensemble (ex. focalisation sur les résultats finaux).

Nowadays, city local governments focus their strategic vision on the development of the urban sustainability. For this, they develop drivers, strategies, structures on green local improvements. To be sustainable, cities reinforce actions and plans on resource management, mobility, climate, building and public spaces. In order to be sustainable and smart, challenges are set to ensure successful implementation of sustainable mobility strategies through the development of appropriate policies, actions, decisions and controls. The development of sustainable mobility strategy requires the involvement of strategic actors, infrastructures, funding and socio-demographic parameters. To ensure this, sustainable mobility strategy has to be strengthen by an efficient management control system and a real measurement of institutional factors' risk. The development of mobility controls ensures homogeneity between behaviours, decisions, objectives and strategies for mobility issues. In order to make the link between control, strategy and sustainability, new researches propose new frameworks and systems. These frameworks reinforce the strategic contribution of values, rules, monitoring and enhancing awareness and interactions. Based on that, the management control framework of Malmi and Brown is more and more associated with the implementation of sustainable strategies. This paper explores the development of sustainable mobility strategies in two Belgian cities (Namur and Leuven). To analyse how cilty local governments implement, control and develop mobility strategies and plans, this paper refers to Malmi and Brown's model. The research proposes two hypotheses that set the importance of the integration of an adequate sustainable mobility control system and the institutional factors on the design and the use of mobility strategy control. This paper proposes a new conceptual model to support the development of sustainable mobility strategy. For this, the choice of two Belgian cities is made according to similarities (population size, explicit will to develop sustainable mobility strategy, focus on sustainable transport, initiation period of mobility issues' implementation, number of person in charge of mobility, level of willingness to develop mobility system, focus on car free and strategic mobility challenges) and differences (region, language, regulative factors, normative factors and cognitive factors). To test our conceptual framework, an explorative qualitative case study is done in these two Belgian city local governments. The data collection requires a fieldwork of 12 weeks, 54 internal and external documents, and 20 semi-structured interviews (mobility managers, politicians, sustainability managers, policemen and administrative workers). Results shows differences between the implementation and development of Namur and Leuven. Leuven has an average quality of sustainable mobility control system. Leuven requires developing new adapted indicators to face new city challenges and more effective collaborations between involved departments and actors. The case of Namur shows that its sustainable mobility control system is weak because of the non-adapted indicators to strategy and the weakness of the formal structure of mobility strategy. Results identify different institutional factors that have a significant impact on the development of sustainable mobility strategy; the most relevant are formal regulations, political power, local cultures, support of direct and indirect actors and the sensitiveness on sustainable culture. The proposed conceptual model also highlights if the impact of mobility strategy controls and institutional influences have a weak, medium or strong impact on the development of mobility strategy. Results validate our proposed conceptual model. However, this model has to be tested on other sustainability issues (energy, green building, green housing, green and neutral climate), cities and regions. ; Peer reviewed

This article adopts an interpretive approach to investigate how local policy-makers portray and justify their own visions of digital governance initiatives at the municipal level. Our investigation focuses on smart city projects submitted by various Belgian municipalities in the framework of the 'Intelligent Territory' call for proposals initiated in 2019 by the Walloon Region. We use Boltanski and Thévenot's theory of orders of worth and combine quantitative and qualitative content analysis to categorize the different justifications elaborated by municipal governments. The empirical results point to the polysemic nature of the smart city concept and highlight the diversity of opportunities offered by smart city policies according to municipal policy-makers. Overall, our study contributes to the understanding of the varieties of interpretations underpinning the construction of digital governance initiatives. It therefore supports the argument according to which there is no one-size-fits-all approach to smart city policies as local policy-makers may attribute different meanings to them and may formulate place-based ICTs solutions to what they perceive as the most pressing problems of their territories. Points for practitioners Smart city projects can be used by governing authorities as instruments to achieve a variety of policy goals Examples of policy goals are to boost local economic development, to improve the effectiveness of municipal service provision, to strengthen social bonds across local community members, to promote the ecological preservation of urban environments and to improve the collaboration between citizens and public administrations Local governments can adaptively use smart technologies as instruments to overcome multiple place-based environmental, social and economic problems Local governments should frame smart urban technologies as means to solve different societal problems and achieve different policy goals – rather than an end per se