Suchergebnisse

In Hungary, after the regime change in 1989, one of the most important institutional changes concerning suburbanisation was the high sovereignty of local authorities, albeit without appropriate funding for sovereign operation. This type of local sovereignty made mezzo-level planning and cooperation of independent municipalities ineffective. The inherent systemic political corruption of the rapid post-socialist privatisation hindered spontaneous cooperation as well. As a result, suburban infrastructure, even in municipalities with high-status residents, remained underdeveloped (from traffic connections through waste management to water provision). Our research field, Telki, was successful in selling land because its scenic location and the absence of industrial and commercial activities made it attractive for high-status suburban settlers. These newcomers were not interested in the further functional development of the village, and, as they took local political power, they successfully restricted economic and functional development. Consequently, selling land and introducing property taxes remained the most important source of income. The colonisation of the village by newcomers also meant the displacement of lower status original villagers and, today, mostly high-status families with young children feel at home in Telki. Others feel excluded not only because of real estate prices but also by the lack of appropriate functions or simply by the narrow concept of an appropriate lifestyle in the village defined by local power. The consequence of a complete lack of cooperation and rational planning is not only social injustice, elite segregation, and environmental harm, but also the reduced economic and housing potential of the Budapest agglomeration.

A tanulmány a devizahitel-válság kialakulását és következményeit elemzi a lakásrendszer kontextusában. A lakásprivatizációt előtérbe helyező, az államilag támogatott lakásfinanszírozást felszámoló lakáspolitika 1990 után egy torz lakásrezsimhez vezetett, amely a piaci hitelekkel finanszírozott magántulajdon kiszélesítésében látta a megoldást az alacsonyabb jövedelmű rétegek lakáshelyzetének rendezésére is. Ez a 2000-es évek elején kezdődő hitelpiaci expanzióval, kamat- és egyéb támogatásokkal indult. 2004 után leginkább alacsony kamatozású, kockázatos, devizaalapú hiteltermékek ösztönözték a növekedést. A 2000-es évek elején meginduló trendek közepette ez reális stratégiának tűnt: az intézményi és a lakossági szereplők számára tarthatónak látszott a jelzálog-hitelezésre épülő megoldás. A 2008-as válság alapvetően megváltoztatta a helyzetet: a devizahitelek veszteségessé váltak, így megindult a veszteség költségeinek elosztására irányuló politikai-társadalmi vita, amelyben a szereplők ellenérdekeltek voltak. Az egységes értelmezést inkompatibilis értelmezések és a hozzájuk kapcsolt megoldási javaslatok váltották fel. A tanulmányban amellett érvelünk, hogy a szereplők alkalmazkodási stratégiái és viselkedése újra megerősítették a lakásrezsim torz elemeit. 2015 után a gazdaság (EU-támogatásokból finanszírozott) stabilizációjára épülő lakáspolitika ismét a piaci finanszírozású magántulajdonra épít, elfeledkezve a megelőző másfél évtized kudarcáról.

In Europe, today's affordable housing and co-housing projects represent complex products, complementing the physical intervention with economic and social techniques. This means that purely environmental and economical evaluation is not sufficient for these projects. While environmental and economical evaluation methodologies are widespread and advanced in the construction sector, methodologies to evaluate the social impacts of housing projects are rarely used and therefore underdeveloped.This study elaborates a framework to evaluate and monitor the social impacts of a complex social housing and co-housing project. The method adopted implements the Social Life Cycle Assessment, integrating a Post Occupancy Evaluation as the main tool for collecting and analysing data. The presented assessment framework is elaborated for the E-Co-Housing Model, a new experimental model so far as the development of affordable housing in Budapest is concerned. However, it delivers a starting point for more complex sustainability analysis of residential buildings in general.The guideline for the Evaluation Framework is the methodology of the Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products, clarifying and improving some of its usual elements. The study of the E-Co-Housing Model shows that housing products, especially affordable and co-housing projects significantly differ from other products. The differences are their main stakeholder groups, their life cycle stages and in their impact ways too. Therefore, housing products need a special S-LCA methodology to assess in a balanced way the complex aspects of its environmental, economic, and social sustainability.

In this article we show that significant differences between the foreign currency mortgage agreements in Hungary and Poland led to significant differences in monthly mortgage payments after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) erupted. Hungarian banks were able to add a variable markup to the LIBOR3M that was connected to bank risk on top of the usual fixed markup. We compare the monthly mortgage payments and LTV levels of people who took out a CHF mortgage with those who obtained a local currency mortgage during the mortgage boom years of 2006–2008. We find that in the initial years of the mortgage CHF mortgages were cheaper than local currency mortgages, which allowed more people to buy housing. However, the GFC led to a deterioration of the exchange rate, and monthly payments and LTV levels (consequently?) increased. We analyse the mortgage costs and LTV levels of the 2006-2008 foreign currency (FX) mortgage vintages in Hungary and Poland between 2006 and 2020 and compare them to local currency mortgages. We also simulate the effects of changing housing prices and wages on mortgages in the cities of Budapest and Warsaw.