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The aim of this research was to analyze the role that institutional actors play as sources of innovation in the maize production system in Mexico. For this, data from 2.603 maize producers surveyed in nine states of the Mexican Republic were examined, and the Social Network Analysis (ARS) methodology was used to study the producer's relationship with other actors in the productive system around innovation. The results showed that maize producers have an Adoption of Innovations Index (InAI) of 22.2%, and the participation of institutional actors as sources of innovation for maize producer was limited. However, 1.9% of the producers who had a link with some financial, governmental, teaching or research actor, have a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) in their level of innovation, compared to those who did not have the link. In addition, institutional actors registered the greatest coverage of dissemination of innovations, with an average of 0.9%, they presented a significant difference (p < 0.05) in relation to other actors. The role of institutional actors is relevant for innovation in maize cultivation, due to the type of practices they teach producers and their coverage of dissemination achieved, so it is necessary to increase their linkage, prestige and collaboration in the agricultural sector to improve the productivity and competitiveness of producers. ; El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el papel que desempeñan los actores institucionales como fuentes de innovación en el sistema productivo del maíz en México. Se examinaron datos de 2.603 productores de maíz encuestados en nueve estados de la República Mexicana, y se utilizó la metodología del análisis de redes sociales (ARS) para estudiar la vinculación del productor con otros actores del sistema productivo en torno a la innovación. Los resultados mostraron que los productores de maíz tienen un índice de adopción de innovaciones (InAI) del 22,2 % y la participación de los actores institucionales como fuentes de innovación para el productor de maíz es limitada. Sin embargo, el 1,9 % de los productores que tenían un vínculo con algún actor financiero, gubernamental, de enseñanza o de investigación mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,01) en su nivel de innovación, en comparación con quienes no tenían ningún vínculo. Además, los actores institucionales registraron la mayor cobertura de difusión de las innovaciones, con un promedio de 0,9 %, y presentaron una diferencia significativa (p<0,05) en relación con otros actores. El papel de los actores institucionales es relevante para la innovación en el cultivo maíz debido al tipo de prácticas que enseñan a los productores y la cobertura de difusión que han alcanzado. Por esto, es necesario incrementar su vinculación, prestigio y colaboración en el sector agrícola para mejorar la productividad y competitividad de los productores.

The objective of this research was to analyze the adoption behavior over time for the improved variety of garlic CEZAC 06, and the factors associated with the adoption process through survival analysis (SA), in North-Central Mexico. The data comes at farm level and was collected in 2019 through a questionnaire given to 40 garlic farmers in Zacatecas, Mexico. The results show that 62.5 % of the farmers who adopted CEZAC 06 carried out this process in the first two years after they were first introduced to it. The factors that played a role in the adoption process were: farmer age, how long the farmer had been in business for, number of hectares availables for garlic production, yield, number of college-educated family members, income from crop farming, income from garlic farming, agriculture-related courses taken, financial aid from the federal government, and being part of any type of organization. Improving yield and the quality of the garlic bulb requires an adequate extension system that allows farmers to receive updated and reliable information on the importance of technological innovation. Highlights The analysis also suggested that new technologies should be transmitted at higher rates to increase adoption. This can be done by implementing courses aimed at farmers with low educational backgrounds, small plots of land and low productivity levels. The factors affecting the adoption process were: farmer age, how long the farmer had been in business, yield, etc. CEZAC 06 will increase yield and rural farmers could improve the quality of the bulb as a marketable surplus. This work contributes to the scarce literature on the application of survival analysis to agricultural technologies. ; The objective of this research was to analyze the adoption behavior over time for the improved variety of garlic CEZAC 06, and the factors associated with the adoption process through survival analysis (SA), in North-Central Mexico. The data comes at farm level and was collected in 2019 through a questionnaire given to 40 garlic farmers in Zacatecas, Mexico. The results show that 62.5 % of the farmers who adopted CEZAC 06 carried out this process in the first two years after they were first introduced to it. The factors that played a role in the adoption process were: farmer age, how long the farmer had been in business for, number of hectares availables for garlic production, yield, number of college-educated family members, income from crop farming, income from garlic farming, agriculture-related courses taken, financial aid from the federal government, and being part of any type of organization. Improving yield and the quality of the garlic bulb requires an adequate extension system that allows farmers to receive updated and reliable information on the importance of technological innovation. Highlights The analysis also suggested that new technologies should be transmitted at higher rates to increase adoption. This can be done by implementing courses aimed at farmers with low educational backgrounds, small plots of land and low productivity levels. The factors affecting the adoption process were: farmer age, how long the farmer had been in business, yield, etc. CEZAC 06 will increase yield and rural farmers could improve the quality of the bulb as a marketable surplus. This work contributes to the scarce literature on the application of survival analysis to agricultural technologies.

The objective of this article is to show how the concept of development that the global context has imposed on developing nations and that prioritizes purely economic growth together with the type of Nation-State prevailing in these types of nations have played a preponderant role in the design of public policies aimed at rural areas. A theoretical-qualitative analysis was carried out, where through the analytical-synthetic method of information, an exhaustive review of sources on the subject was carried out in order to provide a frame of reference for the study of public policies rural in Mexico. This analysis made it possible to determine that in Mexico the implementation of policies oriented to the economic market and not to the holistic development of the Mexican countryside; far from meeting the objectives of developing it, they led it to deterioration and its consequent structural crisis and the persistence of a formula: welfare + subsistence that generates a cycle of poverty that is difficult to break.