Suchergebnisse

La ville de Yiwu est une ville de très petite taille (à l'échelle chinoise). Elle est considérée comme une ville sous-préfectorale, dans la hiérarchie administrative chinoise : un statut relativement bas. Ainsi, elle est largement moins connue que Pékin ou Shanghai, de grandes métropoles internationales. Toutefois, l'existence du plus grand marché au monde de petits articles très bon marché explique l'arrivée et l'installation, récente, de commerçants étrangers. Notre article s'intéresse à la fois à la façon dont cette communauté internationale s'adapte à la ville de Yiwu et au rôle joué par le gouvernement local dans la vie de cette population migrante. Cela nous éclairera sur la qualité de l'accueil du gouvernement chinois envers les étrangers, notamment pour une telle petite ville et sur les privilèges dont ils jouissent, contrairement à ce qui a cours dans les grandes villes. ; Si consideramos el tamaño de las ciudades chinas, la ciudad de Yiwu es relativamente pequeña, lo que significa también, desde un punto de vista administrativo, un lugar y un estatuto inferiores a los de las otras ciudades – siendo Pékin o Shanghai las metrópolis más internacionalmente conocidas por los extranjeros. Sin embargo, la presencia del mayor mercado de articulitos de consumo, con bajos costos y enormes ganancias, explica la llegada e instalación, reciente, de negociantes extranjeros. Nuestro artículo tiene por meta estudiar el proceso de adaptación de dicha población, el papel del gobierno local y la manera cómo la administración local influye en la vida de los residentes internacionales. Este análisis nos permitirá comprender mejor cómo reciben los gobiernos locales chinos a los residentes internacionales, especialmente en el caso de las ciudades pequeñas, donde la comunidad internacional viene a ser más importante que la local y las ventajas de las que goza. ; A cidade chinesa de Yiwu é uma cidade de pequeno porte na escala da China. Ela é considerada uma « sub prefeitura » na hiearquia de poder administrativo da China, com um status relativamente baixo. Portanto ela é menos conecida que Pequin ou Shangai : grandes metrópoles internacionais. A chegada de uma população estrangeira em Yiwu édecorrente da maior feira do municipio, voltada ao comércio de pequenos artigos, onde se encontram produtos com os menores preços e um interesse econômico crescente. Os estrangeiros, comerciantes na sua maioria, ao tomarem conhecimento de que a maioria dos produtos vendidos na China vinham de Yiwu migraram e se instalaram na cidade. Este artigo se interssa no nivel de adaptaçao desta comunidade internacional, bem como no papel do governo chinês neste processo. Isso pode contribuir para melhor compreendermos a política de acolhimento do Governo Chinês junto aos estrangeiros, sobretudo em uma pequena cidade. O resultado da nossa análise mostra que em Yiwu os estrangeiros possuem um privilégio que não se vê em outras cidades grandes chinesas. ; As a relatively small city in China, the city of Yiwu ranks low in the country's administrative system. As such, in the eyes of international residents, it is much less known than big metropoles in China. Looking into the motives of the arrival of such a big international community, it can be found that one of the world's largest market of small commodities might be the key. In the eyes of international traders, the market itself represents low costs and huge profits. Upon realizing that most of the small articles sold in China originate in Yiwu, they quickly switched their focus from Guangzhou to this small Chinese city and settled down afterwards. This article tries to looker closer, apart from the adaptation process of such a population, into the role of the local government and how its administration influences the lives of international residents. The analysis would allow us to better understand how the local Chinese governments are receiving international residents, especially in small cities when the international community might prove to be more important to the local one. The result confirms such a hypothesis by presenting the advantages that the international residents would enjoy.

Globalization makes immigration a lot easier and more efficient among people coming from different backgrounds and cultures. Interested in the lives of foreigners in China, we turned our attention to the African community in Yiwu. Why do these people come to Yiwu and more importantly, how do they adapt themselves to a society which is very different from their own? This thesis tries to find the origins of the city's attractiveness and if it is immigrant-friendly. Numerous field trips have been made between 2015 and 2016, 81 international businessmen have been interviewed, 32 coming from Africa, with interviews as well as questionnaires. This population is mainly attracted by the commercial advantages of the city. These people are strongly focused on commercial activities, which is their most important immigration motivation. Once settled, they actively try to integrate into local society, as well as to devote themselves successfully to their commercial activities. However, these efforts are strictly limited in their professional life. On the one hand, the governments, both local and central, are not fully welcoming to foreign residents. Multiple administrative restrictions have been observed which prevent them from a better adaptation. On the other hand, important cultural and religious differences between the Africans and the local population create a spontaneous barrier which is practically impossible to exceed. Because of that, African businessmen tend to associate more with people from the same region and avoid the locals when seeking for a deeper connection. They usually stay within their own community in daily and social life. Even if outside-of-work exchanges exist, they are generally a way to enhance the business and therefore not efficient enough in terms of understanding and communication. In other words, real integration is rather an ideal state which still needs a lot of devotions, if it is possible at all. ; La mondialisation rend plus faciles les échanges entre personnes venant de cultures et ...

Globalization makes immigration a lot easier and more efficient among people coming from different backgrounds and cultures. Interested in the lives of foreigners in China, we turned our attention to the African community in Yiwu. Why do these people come to Yiwu and more importantly, how do they adapt themselves to a society which is very different from their own? This thesis tries to find the origins of the city's attractiveness and if it is immigrant-friendly. Numerous field trips have been made between 2015 and 2016, 81 international businessmen have been interviewed, 32 coming from Africa, with interviews as well as questionnaires. This population is mainly attracted by the commercial advantages of the city. These people are strongly focused on commercial activities, which is their most important immigration motivation. Once settled, they actively try to integrate into local society, as well as to devote themselves successfully to their commercial activities. However, these efforts are strictly limited in their professional life. On the one hand, the governments, both local and central, are not fully welcoming to foreign residents. Multiple administrative restrictions have been observed which prevent them from a better adaptation. On the other hand, important cultural and religious differences between the Africans and the local population create a spontaneous barrier which is practically impossible to exceed. Because of that, African businessmen tend to associate more with people from the same region and avoid the locals when seeking for a deeper connection. They usually stay within their own community in daily and social life. Even if outside-of-work exchanges exist, they are generally a way to enhance the business and therefore not efficient enough in terms of understanding and communication. In other words, real integration is rather an ideal state which still needs a lot of devotions, if it is possible at all. ; La mondialisation rend plus faciles les échanges entre personnes venant de cultures et d'origines différentes. S'intéressant à la vie des étrangers en Chine, notre étude porte sur la population africaine installée à Yiwu, ville qui accueille la deuxième plus grande communauté africaine en Chine, après Guangzhou. Cette thèse s'interroge sur la source de l'attractivité de Yiwu et sur sa capacité d'intégration. Pour apporter des éléments de réponse, nous avons recueilli entre 2015 et 2016, sous forme de questionnaires et d'entretiens, les témoignages de 81 commerçants étrangers, dont 32 d'origine africaine. L'enquête révèle que la majorité de la population analysée a été attirée par les avantages commerciaux que la ville propose. Le commerce est donc la motivation et le centre d'intérêt de cette communauté, dont les membres, une fois installés, s'efforcent de s'intégrer à la vie commerciale. Néanmoins, leur effort se limite pour l'essentiel à la vie professionnelle. D'une part, le gouvernement local de Yiwu n'est pas totalement ouvert à la population étrangère. Il existe de nombreuses restrictions, qui font obstacle à une intégration complète. D'autre part, les grandes différences culturelles et religieuses forment une barrière spontanée et profonde, presque impossible à dépasser. Ainsi, les commerçants africains fréquentent bien plus leurs compatriotes que leurs partenaires commerciaux chinois. Ils restent principalement au sein de leur communauté dans la vie quotidienne et sociale. Même s'il leur arrive de fréquenter des Chinois en dehors du commerce, cette fréquentation est souvent utilitariste et peu affective. La vraie intégration est donc un état idéal qui demande encore beaucoup d'investissement, si elle est réellement possible.

Globalization makes immigration a lot easier and more efficient among people coming from different backgrounds and cultures. Interested in the lives of foreigners in China, we turned our attention to the African community in Yiwu. Why do these people come to Yiwu and more importantly, how do they adapt themselves to a society which is very different from their own? This thesis tries to find the origins of the city's attractiveness and if it is immigrant-friendly. Numerous field trips have been made between 2015 and 2016, 81 international businessmen have been interviewed, 32 coming from Africa, with interviews as well as questionnaires. This population is mainly attracted by the commercial advantages of the city. These people are strongly focused on commercial activities, which is their most important immigration motivation. Once settled, they actively try to integrate into local society, as well as to devote themselves successfully to their commercial activities. However, these efforts are strictly limited in their professional life. On the one hand, the governments, both local and central, are not fully welcoming to foreign residents. Multiple administrative restrictions have been observed which prevent them from a better adaptation. On the other hand, important cultural and religious differences between the Africans and the local population create a spontaneous barrier which is practically impossible to exceed. Because of that, African businessmen tend to associate more with people from the same region and avoid the locals when seeking for a deeper connection. They usually stay within their own community in daily and social life. Even if outside-of-work exchanges exist, they are generally a way to enhance the business and therefore not efficient enough in terms of understanding and communication. In other words, real integration is rather an ideal state which still needs a lot of devotions, if it is possible at all. ; La mondialisation rend plus faciles les échanges entre personnes venant de cultures et d'origines différentes. S'intéressant à la vie des étrangers en Chine, notre étude porte sur la population africaine installée à Yiwu, ville qui accueille la deuxième plus grande communauté africaine en Chine, après Guangzhou. Cette thèse s'interroge sur la source de l'attractivité de Yiwu et sur sa capacité d'intégration. Pour apporter des éléments de réponse, nous avons recueilli entre 2015 et 2016, sous forme de questionnaires et d'entretiens, les témoignages de 81 commerçants étrangers, dont 32 d'origine africaine. L'enquête révèle que la majorité de la population analysée a été attirée par les avantages commerciaux que la ville propose. Le commerce est donc la motivation et le centre d'intérêt de cette communauté, dont les membres, une fois installés, s'efforcent de s'intégrer à la vie commerciale. Néanmoins, leur effort se limite pour l'essentiel à la vie professionnelle. D'une part, le gouvernement local de Yiwu n'est pas totalement ouvert à la population étrangère. Il existe de nombreuses restrictions, qui font obstacle à une intégration complète. D'autre part, les grandes différences culturelles et religieuses forment une barrière spontanée et profonde, presque impossible à dépasser. Ainsi, les commerçants africains fréquentent bien plus leurs compatriotes que leurs partenaires commerciaux chinois. Ils restent principalement au sein de leur communauté dans la vie quotidienne et sociale. Même s'il leur arrive de fréquenter des Chinois en dehors du commerce, cette fréquentation est souvent utilitariste et peu affective. La vraie intégration est donc un état idéal qui demande encore beaucoup d'investissement, si elle est réellement possible.

Local water governance is challenging given the significance to public health and the difficulties to manage it in a fragmented administrative system. A collaboration network is a popular governance tool in local governance to cope with functional fragmentation problems and institutional collective action (ICA) dilemmas. Empirical works are needed to examine the outcomes of such governance networks, especially in the context of environmental governance. With fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), this article seeks to evaluate the outcomes of collaboration networks by investigating the influence of network structures on local water governance performance in China. Based on empirical analyses on a dataset of twenty local water governance networks implementing the Water Ecological Civilization Pilot Project in China, the findings suggest that a high overall bridging and bonding of social capital and a low network density are important determinants of effective collaboration networks. This study has policy implications for the design of local collaboration networks in facilitating effective environmental governance.

In response to the increasing attention paid to environmental governance and leadership mobility, this study explores the interactions between leadership mobility and environmental governance performance. From the perspective of networks, this study aims to determine whether leadership mobility networks shape environmental governance outcomes. We argue that leadership transfer networks affect local water governance performance, which is particularly evident when leadership mobility occurs between cities with similar institutional environments. We collected managers' career data and water governance performance from forty-one cities located in the Pan-Yangtze River Delta region in China from 2011 to 2015. Methodologically, we employ spatial temporal autoregressive models to test the hypotheses and confirm the effects of the leadership transfer network on the homogeneity of water governance performance across the region. Theoretically, this study advances the institutional collective action framework in regional water governance by providing supplementary mechanisms from the perspective of agent network diffusion.

Workers' compensation insurance, which provides no-fault coverage for work-related injuries, is mandatory in nearly all states. We use administrative data from a unique market without a coverage mandate to estimate the demand for workers' compensation insurance, leveraging regulatory premium updates for identification. We find that a 1 percent increase in premiums leads to approximately a 0.3 percent decline in coverage. Drawing upon these estimates and data on costs, we examine potential justifications for government intervention to increase coverage. This analysis suggests that several forms of market failure—such as adverse selection, market power, and externalities—may not justify a mandate in this setting. (JEL G22, G52, J28, K13, K31)