A data-based comparison of the five undesirable output disposability approaches in airline environmental efficiency
In: Socio-economic planning sciences: the international journal of public sector decision-making, Band 74, S. 100931
ISSN: 0038-0121
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In: Socio-economic planning sciences: the international journal of public sector decision-making, Band 74, S. 100931
ISSN: 0038-0121
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 29, Heft 17, S. 25623-25638
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: PNAS nexus, Band 3, Heft 8
ISSN: 2752-6542
Abstract
Curvature-generating proteins that direct membrane trafficking assemble on the surface of lipid bilayers to bud transport intermediates, which move protein and lipid cargoes from one cellular compartment to another. However, it remains unclear what controls the overall shape of the membrane bud once curvature induction has begun. In vitro experiments showed that excessive concentrations of the COPII protein Sar1 promoted the formation of membrane tubules from synthetic vesicles, while COPII-coated transport intermediates in cells are generally more spherical or lobed in shape. To understand the origin of these morphological differences, we employ atomistic, coarse-grained (CG), and continuum mesoscopic simulations of membranes in the presence of multiple curvature-generating proteins. We first characterize the membrane-bending ability of amphipathic peptides derived from the amino terminus of Sar1, as a function of interpeptide angle and concentration using an atomistic bicelle simulation protocol. Then, we employ CG simulations to reveal that Sec23 and Sec24 control the relative spacing between Sar1 protomers and form the inner-coat unit through an attachment with Sar1. Finally, using dynamical triangulated surface simulations based on the Helfrich Hamiltonian, we demonstrate that the uniform distribution of spacer molecules among curvature-generating proteins is crucial to the spherical budding of the membrane. Overall, our analyses suggest a new role for Sec23, Sec24, and cargo proteins in COPII-mediated membrane budding process in which they act as spacers to preserve a dispersed arrangement of Sar1 protomers and help determine the overall shape of the membrane bud.
In: World development: the multi-disciplinary international journal devoted to the study and promotion of world development, Band 36, Heft 8, S. 1317-1341
In: IMF Working Paper No. 04/217
SSRN
In: IMF Working Papers, S. 1-39
SSRN
In: Comparative economic studies, Band 52, Heft 1, S. 18-37
ISSN: 1478-3320
Most new EU member states (NMS) need further fiscal adjustment to support economic growth and macroeconomic stability. In this context, achieving income convergence with other EU members rests more with maintaining productivity growth, attracting foreign savings, and improving investment efficiency than with increasing government spending (including for infrastructure). Additional institutional fiscal reforms, aimed at improving expenditure efficiency and facilitating private sector investment, will be needed to support these objectives. However, further fiscal adjustment and reforms do not necessarily need to depress public investment. New financing options for public investment - including from various EU funds and through public-private partnerships - can ease existing fiscal and macroeconomic constraints, but present both new opportunities and challenges that need to be handled carefully.
BASE
In: The African Department [no. 16/1]