Suchergebnisse

In the past few decades, the growth of surveillance has become a fixture of organizational life. Past scholarship has largely explained this growth as the result of traditional managerial demands for added control over workers, coupled with newly available cheap technology (such as closed-circuit televisions and body-worn cameras). We draw on the workplace resistance literature to complement these views by suggesting that workers can also drive such growth. More specifically, we show that workers under surveillance can feel constantly observed and seen, but they can also feel largely unnoticed as individuals by management. This paradoxical experience leads them to interpret the surveillance as coercive and to engage in invisibility practices to attempt to go unseen and remain unnoticed. Management, in turn, interprets these attempts as justification for more surveillance, which encourages workers to engage in even more invisibility practices, thus creating a self-fulfilling cycle of coercive surveillance. Our study therefore offers one of the first endogenous explanations for the growth of surveillance while also isolating unique forms of resistance attached to such surveillance.The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1175 .

In this article, we examine a case of task segregation—when a group of workers is disproportionately allocated, relative to other groups, to spend more time on specific tasks in a given job—and argue that such segregation is a potential mechanism for generating within-job inequality in the quality of a job. When performing those tasks is undesirable, this allocation has unfavorable implications for that group's experienced job quality. We articulate the processes by which task segregation can lead to workplace inequality in job quality through an inductive, interview-based case study of airport security-screening workers in a unit of the U.S. Transportation Security Administration (TSA) at a large urban airport. Female workers were disproportionately allocated to the pat-down task, the manual screening of travelers for prohibited items. Our findings suggest that this segregation led to overall poorer job quality outcomes for women. Task segregation overexposed female workers to processes of physical exertion, emotional labor, and relational strain, giving rise to work intensity, emotional exhaustion, and lack of coping resources. Task segregation also seemed to disproportionately expose female workers to managerial sanctions for taking recuperative time off and a narrowing of their skill set that may have contributed to worse promotion chances, pay, satisfaction, and turnover rates for women. We conclude with a theoretical model of how task segregation can act as a mechanism for generating within-job inequality in job quality.

ABSTRACT Background: In 2007, because of a potential interaction between ceftriaxone and calcium-containing IV solutions, Roche Laboratories (manufacturer of Rocephin [ceftriaxone] in the United States) issued letters to health care professionals advising them of changes to the product monograph. Subsequently, warning letters were also issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada. The Health Canada recommendations and their implications for clinical practice generated debate in the Canadian hospital pharmacy community.Objective: To evaluate the response to the warnings among hospital pharmacists and their respective institutions.Methods: An anonymous, voluntary 10-question survey was distributed to members of the Pharmacy Specialty Networks of the Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Requests to participate were solicited via 2 e-mail messages. Responses were analyzed descriptively.Results: A total of 152 pharmacists participated in the survey. Fortythree respondents (28.3%) reported being very concerned and 86 (56.6%) reported being somewhat concerned about the Health Canada Notice to Hospitals. About half (77/152 [50.7%]) of the respondents felt that the Health Canada notice did not need to be strictly heeded. Two-thirds (98/145 [67.6%]) reported that their institutions had addressed the risk of an interaction through a change in policy regarding the administration of ceftriaxone. Eighty-eight (61.5%) of 143 participants indicated that their institution's official position on the notice was that it represented a "relative contraindication" (i.e., the benefit may outweigh the risk).Conclusions: Warning letters issued by the manufacturer, the FDA, and Health Canada generated concern within the Canadian hospital pharmacy community. However, a large proportion of hospital pharmacy practitioners did not agree with strict adherence to the Health Canada notice.RÉSUMÉ Contexte : En 2007, à cause d'une interaction potentielle entre la ceftriaxone et les solutions intraveineuses contenant du calcium, Roche Laboratories (fabricant de Rocephin [ceftriaxone] aux États-Unis) ont émis une mise en garde aux professionnels de la santé les informant d'une modification à la monographie du produit. Par la suite, des mises en garde ont également été émises par la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) des États-Unis et par Santé Canada. Les recommandations de Santé Canada et leurs conséquences sur la pratique clinique ont soulevé un débat au sein de la communauté de la pharmacie hospitalière.Objectif : Évaluer la réponse à la mise en garde parmi les pharmaciens d'hôpitaux et leurs établissements respectifs.Méthodes : Un sondage anonyme à participation volontaire comportant 10 questions a été remis aux membres des Réseaux de spécialistes en pharmacie de la Société canadienne des pharmaciens d'hôpitaux. Les invitations à participer au sondage ont été communiquées au moyen de deux courriels. Les réponses ont été analysées de façon descriptive.Résultats : Au total, 152 pharmaciens ont participé au sondage. Quarante-trois répondants (28,3%) ont déclaré être très préoccupés et 86 (56,6%) ont déclaré être quelque peu préoccupés par l'Avis aux hôpitaux de Santé Canada. Environ la moitié (77/152 [50,7%]) des répondants estimaient qu'il n'était pas nécessaire de suivre à la lettre l'avis de Santé Canada. Les deux-tiers (98/145 [67,6%]) ont déclaré que leur établissement avait pris des mesures contre le risque d'interaction en modifiant leur politique d'administration de la ceftriaxone. Par ailleurs, 88 (61,5%) de 143 répondants ont indiqué que la position officielle de leur établissement relativement à cet avis était que celui-ci représentait une « contre-indication relative » (c.-à-d. que les bienfaits pouvaient l'emporter sur le risque).Conclusions : Les mises en garde émises par les fabricants, par la FDA et par Santé Canada ont soulevé des inquiétudes au sein de la communauté des pharmaciens d'hôpitaux du Canada. En revanche, une forte proportion des praticiens de la pharmacie hospitalière n'étaient pas d'accord pour observer à l'avis de Santé Canada.

AbstractA superordinate identity unites different subgroups into an overarching, common one. But does superordinate identification then improve or worsen attitudes towards the former outgroup? The common ingroup identity model (CIIM) asserts that recategorization ameliorates outgroup bias by reducing perceptions of intergroup threat. It predicts that superordinate identification will improve intergroup relations by promoting tolerance and acceptance of diversity. In contrast, the ingroup project model (IPM) asserts that identifying superordinately will actually exacerbate outgroup bias because ingroup members naturally project their own characteristics onto the superordinate category and will more strongly dislike the former outgroup for not fitting the "correct" superordinate prototype. Existing evidence—largely drawn from psychology lab experiments, not real‐world situations—suggests both models can be correct insofar as ingroup projection only occurs under certain conditions. In that case, which model is correct for European identity? Results from original survey data collected in three European countries (Germany, Poland, and the United Kingdom) show that increased identification with Europe is almost always associated with more favorable attitudes towards outgroup immigrants, even among those most likely to engage in ingroup projection. Future research should continue to investigate when and why this inclusivity does—and does not—hold.

A superordinate identity improves intergroup relations and bolsters support for the political system. Yet, why do only some identify superordinately? I argue that personality is an important determinant. I test this using an original survey in the United Kingdom, where European Union integration has increased the salience and feasibility of the "European" identity option in addition to a national one. Several Big Five traits matter: openness and extraversion increase identification with Europe while agreeableness decreases it. Mediation analysis subsequently shows that personality's effects also travel through the mechanisms of risk aversion, knowledge, and ideology. Results imply that certain predispositions prompt some to be more receptive than others to seeing themselves in superordinate terms and that European identification may be at least partly more primordial than previously thought.

A superordinate identity reduces bias and facilitates intergroup cooperation. This suggests that getting European Union (EU) citizens to identify with Europe will decrease outgroup hostility. Is European identity thus a superordinate identity? Using Eurobarometer data, I determine which level of identification is the most inclusive for individuals' immigration attitudes. Those who feel European hold more favorable views toward immigrants—an effect that is amplified under conditions of cross-cutting cleavages and where country length of European Union membership is greatest. In contrast, strong national identity is associated with more negative immigration attitudes; regional identity has no effect. A subsequent test confirms that the benefits of identifying with Europe extend most strongly to immigrants of European Union origin, although positive effects are observed toward non-European Union migrants as well.