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The author discusses the scale and scope of military cooperation between Russia
and Belarus after 2014. He analyses the changes that have occurred in this area
after the Russian intervention in Ukraine. He presents the legal and treaty basis
of the Russian-Belarusian cooperation, as well as the main points of contention
in bilateral relations.
In recent years, the differences in the international policies of both countries have
widened. Russia expects its closest ally to support it in its conflict with the North
Atlantic Alliance and to unequivocally recognize the legitimacy of the Russian intervention
in Ukraine. Russian efforts to deepen integration with Belarus, including
the military sphere, have been intense, especially in recent months.
The author also draws attention to the cooperation in the field of the armaments
industry of both countries, as well as joint military exercises and the process of training
Belarusian soldiers at Russian military universities.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus inherited a substantial fleet of warplanes. The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, effective since 1992, obliged Belarus to reduce its air force. In 1996–2010 Belarusian air force underwent the majority of organizational changes. Limited technological and financial resources contributed to gradual reduction of Belarusian military aviation. Today Belarusian air force is not able to replace the recalled warplanes with new constructions. In the immediate years the difficulties of Belarusian air force should be expected to grow as the combat potential decreases.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus inherited a substantial fleet of warplanes. The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, effective since 1992, obliged Belarus to reduce its air force. In 1996–2010 Belarusian air force underwent the majority of organizational changes. Limited technological and financial resources contributed to gradual reduction of Belarusian military aviation. Today Belarusian air force is not able to replace the recalled warplanes with new constructions. In the immediate years the difficulties of Belarusian air force should be expected to grow as the combat potential decreases.

In 2019 a snap election was held to the bicameral National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus. The election was fully controlled by the authorities. Numerous cases of election law violations were recorded by independent observers. The intensity of the election campaign was low and the candidates were not guaranteed equal access to the media. As in the previous parliamentary election, mainly "nonpartisan" candidates loyal to the regime and several representatives of pro-regime parties were elected. No candidate from the political opposition gained a seat in the new parliament. According to ODIHR/OSCE's assessment, the 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election did not meet international standards.

In 2019 a snap election was held to the bicameral National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus. The election was fully controlled by the authorities. Numerous cases of election law violations were recorded by independent observers. The intensity of the election campaign was low and the candidates were not guaranteed equal access to the media. As in the previous parliamentary election, mainly "nonpartisan" candidates loyal to the regime and several representatives of pro-regime parties were elected. No candidate from the political opposition gained a seat in the new parliament. According to ODIHR/OSCE's assessment, the 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election did not meet international standards.

The aim of the article is to analyze the energy policy of the Russian Federation towards Belarus in 2015–2021. The article focuses on the issues of bilateral relations in the sphere of crude oil and natural gas. Russia uses energy tools towards Belarus in order to force it to deepen its political, economic and military integration. Russia also undertook the task of regulating the principles of further energy cooperation with Belarus.

This publication analyses of Byelorussian and Chinese relations in the years 2010–2013. The paper discusses Byelorussian and Chinese economic cooperation. In Byelorussian politics, China's role becomes increasingly more important. Chinese loans stabilise the macroeconomic situation of Byelorussia, but at the same time, increase its foreign debt. The increasing Chinese political, economic and military interests in Byelorussia raises Russia's concern, although the Chinese do not interfere with crucial Russian interests in that area. The conducted research indicates that there is no threat of serious tensions between Moscow and Beijing. The geopolitical location of Byelorussia is a significant asset for China, as it opens to it opportunities for economic expansion to the EU and the Customs Union markets. In Chinese politics, Byelorussia's role is not significant and the chances of Byelorussia becoming a strategic partner of China are small, although such are expectations of the Byelorussian side.