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AbstractRational expectations are not required to follow from beliefs that explain well history, but just to correctly foresee the future. As a consequence, at a rational expectations equilibrium, the agents' expectations may follow from beliefs that explain poorly the observed history, even among those rationalizing their choices. This paper shows, firstly, that if agents hold

Este artículo contiene una descripción del medio ambiente en las ciudades latinoamericanas. El autor presenta con cierto detalle los efectos negativos en el ambiente urbano que resultan de la combinación del creciente incremento demográfico, del proceso de urbanización y de la concentración de actividades económicas en algunas ciudades.Al mismo tiempo que se analizan los serios problemas del agua, los suelos y el aire, se ofrece un panorama de los cambios institucionales que tienen lugar hoy día y que permiten ver, aun en el contexto de la pobreza, algunas alternativas para hacer frente al deterioro ambiental. Los cambios de fondo que son requeridos para mejorar el medio ambiente en América Latina tiene que ver, de acuerdo con el autor, con la puesta en marcha de programas educativos que planteen una verdadera concientización de lo ambiental y que generen una verdadera conducta de cuidado hacia el medio ambiente.

En el curso de la última década la cultw:a política de los bogotanos ha experimenta­ do una notable transformación. En tanto que, durante décadas, los habitantes de la capital apenas si podían aspirar a que los gobernantes de la ciudad los tuvieran en cuenta en sus programas, hoy en día lama­ yor parte de los ciudadanos espera que su voto y sus aspiraciones encuentren un cier­ to eco en la gestión del burgomaestre distrital. En este artículo pasamos revista a la gestiónde los Alcaldes Mayores de la capital colom­ biana en las cuatro décadas que van de 1961 a 2000. Nuestro objetivo es hacer una re· flexión acerca de los principales factores que marcaron la gestión de los 21 alcaldes que tuvo la ciudad durante este período. ; During the past decade, the political culture ofBogota's citizens has undergone a major transformation. Whilst during decades the inhabitants of the Colombian capital could barely hope to be taken into account by the city's mayors in their administration, today most citizens will expect to see the effect of their vote and at least sorne of their aspirations in the actions of the head of the local government.In this. article we review the work of the city's mayors in the four decades between 1961 and 2000. Our aim is to retlect on the main factors that helped shape the administration of the 21 mayors who held office during that period.

En el curso de la última década la cultw:a política de los bogotanos ha experimenta­ do una notable transformación. En tanto que, durante décadas, los habitantes de la capital apenas si podían aspirar a que los gobernantes de la ciudad los tuvieran en cuenta en sus programas, hoy en día lama­ yor parte de los ciudadanos espera que su voto y sus aspiraciones encuentren un cier­ to eco en la gestión del burgomaestre distrital. En este artículo pasamos revista a la gestiónde los Alcaldes Mayores de la capital colom­ biana en las cuatro décadas que van de 1961 a 2000. Nuestro objetivo es hacer una re· flexión acerca de los principales factores que marcaron la gestión de los 21 alcaldes que tuvo la ciudad durante este período. ; During the past decade, the political culture ofBogota's citizens has undergone a major transformation. Whilst during decades the inhabitants of the Colombian capital could barely hope to be taken into account by the city's mayors in their administration, today most citizens will expect to see the effect of their vote and at least sorne of their aspirations in the actions of the head of the local government.In this. article we review the work of the city's mayors in the four decades between 1961 and 2000. Our aim is to retlect on the main factors that helped shape the administration of the 21 mayors who held office during that period.

This report is part of the third stage in a series of surveys on land, housing and human settlements policies in selected countries of the Third World. The report consists of four chapters. The first is a general introduction to the country including a brief overview of its geography and of its history. The second chapter assesses the country's economic performance since independence and examines recent changes in housing and living conditions. Chapter 3 examines economic and development policies from the last years of the colonial administration to the present. Chapter 4 describes traditional land tenure patters and examines State policies which relate explicitly to land, housing and human settlements

Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Sustainable urbanisation has moved to the forefront of global debate, research and policy agendas over recent years. Rapid urbanisation throughout China, India and many other low and middle income countries poses new challenges both locally and internationally at a time when urban areas worldwide are threatened by climate/environmental change. This compact book is designed to make a signal contribution to the sustainable urbanisation agenda through authoritative interventions contextualising, assessing and explaining clearly the relevance and importance of three central characteristics of sustainable towns and cities everywhere, namely that they should be accessible, green and fair. These three terms form key tenets of the work of Mistra Urban Futures (MUF), an international research centre on sustainable urbanisation based in Gothenburg, Sweden, and working through transdisciplinary research platforms there, in Greater Manchester (UK), Cape Town (South Africa) and Kisumu (Kenya). Additional platforms are being established in southern Sweden, Asia and Africa

The purpose of the conference was to identify research needs as well as to come forward with suggestions for the formulation of areas where aid assistance could be directed. The conference consisted of two parts: the first day was devoted to papers introducing the informal sector in the context of India, Africa and Latin America as seen from the perspective of both the productive system and the household. These papers were followed by a paper on the implications of the informal sector on development aid policy. The second and third days were devoted to a smaller research seminar attended by some 40 people who have a direct research or aid policy interest in the subject

This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Medicine: Recent Progress in Cancer Therapy. ; The biology and clinical impact of bone marrow (BM) infiltration in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains unclear in the rituximab era. We retrospectively analyzed 232 patients diagnosed with DLBCL at our center between 1999 and 2014. Concordant-presence of large cells similar to those of the lymph node biopsy- and discordant-infiltration by small cells forming lymphoid aggregates, lacking cytological atypia-BM infiltration was defined by histological criteria and further characterized by flow cytometry (FCM). Cell of origin (COO) was determined using Hans' algorithm. For the clonal relationship between tumor and discordant BM, the VDJH rearrangement was analyzed. Survival analyses were restricted to 189 patients treated with rituximab and chemotherapy. Thirty-six (16%) had concordant, and 37 (16%) discordant BM infiltration. FCM described different indolent lymphomas among discordant cases, clonally related with DLBCL in 10/13 available samples. Median follow-up was 58 months. 5-year-progression-free survival (PFS) for non-infiltrated, discordant and concordant groups was 68%, 65% and 30%, respectively (p < 0.001). Combining COO and BM infiltration, patients with discordant BM and non-germinal center B-cell COO also had decreased 5-year-PFS (41.9%). In multivariate analysis, concordant BM had an independent effect on PFS (HR 2.5, p = 0.01). Five-year cumulative incidence of central nervous system (CNS) relapse was 21%, 4% and 1% in concordant, discordant and non-infiltrated groups, respectively (p < 0.001). In conclusion, concordant BM infiltration represents a subset with poor prognosis, whereas the prognostic impact of discordant BM infiltration could be limited to non-CGB cases. ; This work was partially supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness PI13/02644, PI15/01393, RD12/0036/0069, CIBERONC-CB16/12/00233, and "Una manera de hacer Europa" (Innocampus; CEI-2010-1-0010)", the Health Council of the Junta de Castilla y León (GRS 850/A/13, GRS 1180/A/15, GRS 1350/A/16, GRS 1846/A/18, GRS 2035/A/19, and BIO/SA78/15), and Gilead Sciences (GLD17/00334). All Spanish funding is co-sponsored by the European Union FEDER program. ; Peer reviewed