Suchergebnisse

Las inundaciones han sido y son un riesgo climático, con efectos catastróficos, siempre presente en la Región de Murcia. Las esporádicas, pero recurrentes, lluvias torrenciales han sorprendido en cualquier época histórica a sus habitantes, provocando graves daños a infraestructuras, viviendas y campos de cultivo, así como gran número de pérdidas de vidas humanas. Aquí se analizan los seis episodios más importantes registrados en el periodo 2000-2012, sus causas y consecuencias. Para ello, se han utilizado los mapas sinópticos en superficie y a 850 hPa del Servicio Alemán de Meteorología (Wetterzentrale), registros de precipitación y caudales de diversos organismos oficiales (AEMET, SIAM, CHS); y mediante gvSIG (en casos concretos), se ha realizado una cartografía de las zonas inundadas. Los resultados muestran cómo las lluvias intensas son consecuencia de DANAs, producidas en otoño. Se constata la eficacia de las presas para mitigar los efectos de las avenidas y también la recurrencia de inundaciones en cuencas (especialmente ramblas), que aún no están reguladas. ; Floods have been and remain a climate risk with catastrophic effects, always present in the Region of Murcia. The sporadic, but recurrent, floods have surprised any historical period its inhabitants, causing severe damage to infrastructure, homes and fields and many deaths. Here, we analyze the six most important events recorded in the period 2000-2012, its causes and consequences. Synoptic maps in surface have been used for it and 850 hPa of German Meteorological Service (Wetterzentrale), precipitation and flow records of government agencies (AEMET, SIAM, CHS); and by using gvGIS (in specific cases), a mapping of the flooded areas has been made. Results show how heavy rains are consequences from DANAs, produced in autumn. The effectiveness of dams to mitigate the effects of floods is confirmed, and also recurrence of floods in basins (especially "ramblas") that are not yet regulated.

El sellado antropogénico constituye uno de los principales procesos de degradación física de los suelos y tiene como principal resultado su impermeabilización, con efectos negativos muy importantes. Los estudios sobre este tema son relativamente recientes, apareciendo las primeras investigaciones relevantes a finales del siglo XX. Sin embargo, no se ha realizado, hasta ahora, ningún estudio que analice su evolución. Por este motivo, se llevó a cabo un análisis bibliométrico de las publicaciones relacionadas con esta materia a nivel internacional a partir de las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus en el periodo 2000-2019. Los resultados muestran cómo el número de trabajos ha ido aumentando de manera significativa hasta 2017, alcanzando tal relevancia que diferentes organizaciones gubernamentales propusieron acciones para la mitigación de sus efectos. Además, fue posible evidenciar qué autores son especialistas en el tema, qué países han realizado más estudios (China, EEUU y países europeos), y se ha obtenido una clasificación de las principales líneas temáticas que exponen las tendencias actuales. Finalmente, se ha establecido una hipótesis sobre su estancamiento en los últimos años por la aparición de las denominadas infraestructuras verdes. ; Anthropogenic sealing is one of the main processes of physical degradation of soils and its main result of this process is waterproofing, with significant negative effects. Studies on this problem are relatively recent, with the first relevant research appearing at the end of the 20th century. However, until now, no study has been carried out to analyse its evolution. For this reason, a bibliometric analysis of the publications related to this subject at international level was carried out using Web of Science and Scopus databases for the period 2000-2019. The results show how the number of works has increased progressively until 2017, reaching such relevance that different governmental organisations proposed actions to mitigate its effects. In addition, it was possible to show which authors are specialists in this subject, which countries have developed these works the most (China, USA and European countries) and a classification of the main thematic lines was obtained. Finally, a hypothesis was established regarding its stagnation in recent years due to the appearance of the green infrastructures.

[ES] En este boletín se presentan los principales resultados de la vigilancia de la infección por VIH/sida en España y en países de la Unión Europea y del Área Económica Europea (UE/AEE), correspondientes al año 2013. Este año se ha alcanzado por primera vez la cobertura nacional para el Sistema de vigilancia de nuevas infecciones por VIH, tanto en España como en los países de la UE. En 2013 la tasa de nuevos diagnósticos por VIH fue superior en España que en la UE/AEE (7,04/100.000 habitantes en España y 5,7 en la UE/AEE, sin corregir por retraso en la notificación) aunque similar a la de otros países del entorno. La vía de transmisión más importante sigue siendo la sexual, ocupando el primer lugar las relaciones sexuales no protegidas entre hombres. Los datos muestran, tanto en España como en la UE/AEE, que casi el 50% de las nuevas infecciones en 2013 presentaba indicios de diagnóstico tardío, por lo que es necesario incidir en la sensibilización de la población y los profesionales sanitarios para el diagnóstico precoz del VIH. [EN] This report shows the main findings about HIV/AIDS surveillance in Spain and European Union and European Economic Area countries (EU/EEA) in 2013. In 2013, for the first time, HIV surveillance data have national coverage in Spain and in all European countries. In 2013, the rate of HIV diagnoses was 7.04 per 100,000 population in Spain and 5.7 in EU/EEA, without adjusting by reporting delay. Sexual transmission is the predominant one, especially sex between men. In Spain as well in EU countries, almost 50% of new HIV cases in 2013 are delayed diagnoses. It is crucial to increase awareness in the general population and in health professionals for the early diagnoses of HIV infections. t ; No

BACKGROUND: High uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and related mortality; however, gaps in care exist. We aimed to construct the continuum of HIV care (CoC) in 2016 in 11 European Union (EU) countries, overall and by key population and sex. To estimate progress toward the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target, we compared 2016 to 2013 estimates for the same countries, representing 73% of the population in the region. METHODS: A CoC with the following 4 stages was constructed: number of people living with HIV (PLHIV); proportion of PLHIV diagnosed; proportion of those diagnosed who ever initiated ART; and proportion of those ever treated who achieved viral suppression at their last visit. RESULTS: We estimated that 87% of PLHIV were diagnosed; 92% of those diagnosed had ever initiated ART; and 91% of those ever on ART, or 73% of all PLHIV, were virally suppressed. Corresponding figures for men having sex with men were: 86%, 93%, 93%, 74%; for people who inject drugs: 94%, 88%, 85%, 70%; and for heterosexuals: 86%, 92%, 91%, 72%. The proportion suppressed of all PLHIV ranged from 59% to 86% across countries. CONCLUSIONS: The EU is close to the 90-90-90 target and achieved the UNAIDS target of 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed, significant progress since 2013 when 60% of all PLHIV were virally suppressed. Strengthening of testing programs and treatment support, along with prevention interventions, are needed to achieve HIV epidemic control.

High uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and related mortality; however, gaps in care exist. We aimed to construct the continuum of HIV care (CoC) in 2016 in 11 European Union (EU) countries, overall and by key population and sex. To estimate progress toward the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target, we compared 2016 to 2013 estimates for the same countries, representing 73% of the population in the region. A CoC with the following 4 stages was constructed: number of people living with HIV (PLHIV); proportion of PLHIV diagnosed; proportion of those diagnosed who ever initiated ART; and proportion of those ever treated who achieved viral suppression at their last visit. We estimated that 87% of PLHIV were diagnosed; 92% of those diagnosed had ever initiated ART; and 91% of those ever on ART, or 73% of all PLHIV, were virally suppressed. Corresponding figures for men having sex with men were: 86%, 93%, 93%, 74%; for people who inject drugs: 94%, 88%, 85%, 70%; and for heterosexuals: 86%, 92%, 91%, 72%. The proportion suppressed of all PLHIV ranged from 59% to 86% across countries. The EU is close to the 90-90-90 target and achieved the UNAIDS target of 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed, significant progress since 2013 when 60% of all PLHIV were virally suppressed. Strengthening of testing programs and treatment support, along with prevention interventions, are needed to achieve HIV epidemic control. ; This work was supported by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control through a framework contract (ECDC/2016/028). ; Sí

Background.: The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has set a "90-90-90" target to curb the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic by 2020, but methods used to assess whether countries have reached this target are not standardized, hindering comparisons. Methods.: Through a collaboration formed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) with European HIV cohorts and surveillance agencies, we constructed a standardized, 4-stage continuum of HIV care for 11 European Union countries for 2013. Stages were defined as (1) number of people living with HIV in the country by end of 2013; (2) proportion of stage 1 ever diagnosed; (3) proportion of stage 2 that ever initiated ART; and (4) proportion of stage 3 who became virally suppressed (≤200 copies/mL). Case surveillance data were used primarily to derive stages 1 (using back-calculation models) and 2, and cohort data for stages 3 and 4. Results.: In 2013, 674500 people in the 11 countries were estimated to be living with HIV, ranging from 5500 to 153400 in each country. Overall HIV prevalence was 0.22% (range, 0.09%-0.36%). Overall proportions of each previous stage were 84% diagnosed, 84% on ART, and 85% virally suppressed (60% of people living with HIV). Two countries achieved ≥90% for all stages, and more than half had reached ≥90% for at least 1 stage. Conclusions.: European Union countries are nearing the 90-90-90 target. Reducing the proportion undiagnosed remains the greatest barrier to achieving this target, suggesting that further efforts are needed to improve HIV testing rates. Standardizing methods to derive comparable continuums of care remains a challenge.

Background.: The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has set a "90-90-90" target to curb the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic by 2020, but methods used to assess whether countries have reached this target are not standardized, hindering comparisons. Methods.: Through a collaboration formed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) with European HIV cohorts and surveillance agencies, we constructed a standardized, 4-stage continuum of HIV care for 11 European Union countries for 2013. Stages were defined as (1) number of people living with HIV in the country by end of 2013; (2) proportion of stage 1 ever diagnosed; (3) proportion of stage 2 that ever initiated ART; and (4) proportion of stage 3 who became virally suppressed (≤200 copies/mL). Case surveillance data were used primarily to derive stages 1 (using back-calculation models) and 2, and cohort data for stages 3 and 4. Results.: In 2013, 674500 people in the 11 countries were estimated to be living with HIV, ranging from 5500 to 153400 in each country. Overall HIV prevalence was 0.22% (range, 0.09%-0.36%). Overall proportions of each previous stage were 84% diagnosed, 84% on ART, and 85% virally suppressed (60% of people living with HIV). Two countries achieved ≥90% for all stages, and more than half had reached ≥90% for at least 1 stage. Conclusions.: European Union countries are nearing the 90-90-90 target. Reducing the proportion undiagnosed remains the greatest barrier to achieving this target, suggesting that further efforts are needed to improve HIV testing rates. Standardizing methods to derive comparable continuums of care remains a challenge.

Background: The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has set a "90-90-90" target to curb the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic by 2020, but methods used to assess whether countries have reached this target are not standardized, hindering comparisons. Methods: Through a collaboration formed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) with European HIV cohorts and surveillance agencies, we constructed a standardized, 4-stage continuum of HIV care for 11 European Union countries for 2013. Stages were defined as (1) number of people living with HIV in the country by end of 2013; (2) proportion of stage 1 ever diagnosed; (3) proportion of stage 2 that ever initiated ART; and (4) proportion of stage 3 who became virally suppressed (≤200 copies/mL). Case surveillance data were used primarily to derive stages 1 (using back-calculation models) and 2, and cohort data for stages 3 and 4. Results: In 2013, 674500 people in the 11 countries were estimated to be living with HIV, ranging from 5500 to 153400 in each country. Overall HIV prevalence was 0.22% (range, 0.09%-0.36%). Overall proportions of each previous stage were 84% diagnosed, 84% on ART, and 85% virally suppressed (60% of people living with HIV). Two countries achieved ≥90% for all stages, and more than half had reached ≥90% for at least 1 stage. Conclusions: European Union countries are nearing the 90-90-90 target. Reducing the proportion undiagnosed remains the greatest barrier to achieving this target, suggesting that further efforts are needed to improve HIV testing rates. Standardizing methods to derive comparable continuums of care remains a challenge. ; This work was supported by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (contract number ECD.5661). ; Sí

Background. High uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and related mortality; however, gaps in care exist. We aimed to construct the continuum of HIV care (CoC) in 2016 in 11 European Union (EU) countries, overall and by key population and sex. To estimate progress toward the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target, we compared 2016 to 2013 estimates for the same countries, representing 73% of the population in the region. Methods. A CoC with the following 4 stages was constructed: number of people living with HIV (PLHIV); proportion of PLHIV diagnosed; proportion of those diagnosed who ever initiated ART; and proportion of those ever treated who achieved viral suppression at their last visit. Results. We estimated that 87% of PLHIV were diagnosed; 92% of those diagnosed had ever initiated ART; and 91% of those ever on ART, or 73% of all PLHIV, were virally suppressed. Corresponding figures for men having sex with men were: 86%, 93%, 93%, 74%; for people who inject drugs: 94%, 88%, 85%, 70%; and for heterosexuals: 86%, 92%, 91%, 72%. The proportion suppressed of all PLHIV ranged from 59% to 86% across countries. Conclusions. The EU is close to the 90-90-90 target and achieved the UNAIDS target of 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed, significant progress since 2013 when 60% of all PLHIV were virally suppressed. Strengthening of testing programs and treatment support, along with prevention interventions, are needed to achieve HIV epidemic control.

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations. ; Spanish Government (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MINECO) and FEDER Projects: CGL2014 52135-C3-3-R, ESP2017-89463-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R, CGL2016-78075-P, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857, RECARE-FP7, CGL2017-83866-C3-1-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. Dhais Peña-Angulo received a "Juan de la Cierva" postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Ana Lucia acknowledge the "Brigitte-Schlieben-Lange-Programm". The "Geoenvironmental Processes and Global Change" (E02_17R) was financed by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund. José Andrés López-Tarazón acknowledges the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUS- Fluvial Dynamics Research Group). Artemi Cerdà thank the funding of the OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807. José Martínez-Fernandez acknowledges the project Unidad de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 co-funded by FEDER and Castilla y León Government. Ane Zabaleta is supported by the Hydro-Environmental Processes consolidated research group (IT1029-16, Basque Government). This paper has the benefit of the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306).