The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCI) and Agencia Estatal de Investigacion: Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCI/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider, Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR and A-FQM-053-UGR18), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034) programs, Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities. ; On October 1, 2019, the IceCube Collaboration detected a muon track neutrino with high probability of being of astrophysical origin, IC191001A. After a few hours, the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2019dsg, observed by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), was indicated as the most likely counterpart of the IceCube track. More recently, the followup campaign of the IceCube alerts by ZTF suggested a second TDE, AT2019fdr, as a promising counterpart of another IceCube muon track candidate, IC200530A, detected on May 30, 2020. These are the second and third associations between astrophysical sources and high-energy neutrinos after the compelling identification of the blazar TXS 0506+056. Here, the search for ANTARES neutrinos from the directions of AT2019dsg and AT2019fdr using a time-integrated approach is presented. As no significant evidence for space clustering is found in the ANTARES data, upper limits on the one-flavour neutrino flux and fluence are set. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; LabEx UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice (CNCS) ; Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (UEFISCDI) ; Spanish Government ; Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (MCI/FEDER) PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider, Junta de Andalucia SOMM17/6104/UGR A-FQM-053-UGR18 ; Generalitat Valenciana GRISOLIA/2018/119 CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco
Este trabajo analiza y reflexiona sobre algunos indicadores de contrasentido como por ejemplo "basta saber que por un lado la Constitución Política del país consagra el derecho de percibir un salario que alcance para vivir dignamente y por otro, para los que manejan las estadísticas que fijan el salario diario en una cantidad ridícula, que se puede comparar con el costo de poco más de seis litros de agua embotellada o cinco litros de gasolina", construidos en el modelo actual donde se sustentan las estrategias de carácter social y económico, que debieran incidir en la educación. La propuesta se construye en lo que consideramos como los cambios que en el sistema educativo mexicano deban focalizarse en el sentido de las competencias para el trabajo, pero que en la actualidad no impactan en la realización del individuo como meta. En México se vive un estado de desigualdad en el que existen unos pocos, inmensamente ricos que han generado sus fortunas por favores concedidos por los gobernantes y otros muy pobres, que cuando trabajan reciben sueldos miserables. ; This paper analyzes and reflects on some indicators of nonsense like "enough to know that on one hand the country's Political Constitution enshrines the right to receive a salary range for a living and the other, for those who manage statistics fixing daily wage in a ridiculous amount, which can be compared with the cost of just over six liters of bottled water or a gallon of gasoline, "built on the current model where social and economic strategies are sustained, that should influence education. The proposal builds on what we consider the changes in the Mexican education system should focus on the meaning of work skills, but currently do not impact the performance of the individual as a goal. In Mexico, living in a state of inequality in which there are few, extremely wealthy who have generated their fortunes for favors granted by the rulers and others very poor who receive poverty wages when they work.
An offline search for a neutrino counterpart to gravitational-wave (GW) events detected during the second observation run (O2) of Advanced-LIGO and Advanced- Virgo performed with ANTARES data is presented. In addition to the search for long tracks induced by νμ (νμ) charged current interactions, a search for showering events induced by interactions of neutrinos of any flavour is conducted. The severe spatial and time coincidence provided by the gravitational-wave alert allows regions above the detector horizon to be probed, extending the ANTARES sensitivity over the entire sky. The results of this all-neutrino-flavour and all-sky time dependent analysis are presented. The search for prompt neutrino emission within ±500 s around the time of six GW events yields no neutrino counterparts. Upper limits on the neutrino spectral fluence and constraints on the isotropic energy radiated via high-energy neutrinos (from a few TeV to a few tens of PeV) are set for each GW event analysed. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund), France ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France ; LabEx UnivEarthS, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Investigación y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento, Spain PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Junta de Andalucía, Spain SOMM17/6104/UGR ; Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia, Spain GRISOLIA/2018/119 ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco
The Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observatories recently discovered gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral. A short gamma-ray burst (GRB) that followed the merger of this binary was also recorded by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM), and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), indicating particle acceleration by the source. The precise location of the event was determined by optical detections of emission following the merger. We searched for high-energy neutrinos from the merger in the GeV–EeV energy range using the ANTARES, IceCube, and Pierre Auger Observatories. No neutrinos directionally coincident with the source were detected within ±500 s around the merger time. Additionally, no MeV neutrino burst signal was detected coincident with the merger. We further carried out an extended search in the direction of the source for high-energy neutrinos within the 14 day period following the merger, but found no evidence of emission. We used these results to probe dissipation mechanisms in relativistic outflows driven by the binary neutron star merger. The non-detection is consistent with model predictions of short GRBs observed at a large off-axis angle. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; IdEx program ; UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; Grid Laboratory Of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada CGIAR ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme (Belspo) ; Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT) (Belspo) ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Australian Research Council ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; ANPCyT ; Argentina-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) ; Argentina-Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ; Argentina-Municipalidad de Malargue ; Argentina-NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Brazil-Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Brazil-Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Brazil-Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) ; Czech Republic Government MSMT CR LG15014 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 ; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; France-Conseil Regional Ile-de-France ; France-Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS) ; France-Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Germany-Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Germany-Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ; Germany-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ; Germany-Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Germany-Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) ; Italy-Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) ; Italy-CETEMPS Center of Excellence ; Italy-Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 ; Mexico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) ; Mexico-PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM ; The Netherlands-Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; The Netherlands-Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) ; The Netherlands-Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ; Poland-National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; Poland-National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 ; Portugal-Portuguese national funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Portugal-FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; Romania-CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects 20/2012 194/2012 PN 16 42 01 02 ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid ; Spain-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds ; Spain-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ; Spain-Xunta de Galicia ; European Union (EU) FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; Spain-USA-Department of Energy DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; Spain-National Science Foundation 0450696 ; Spain-The Grainger Foundation ; Spain-Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; Spain-European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; Spain-European Union 7th Framework Program PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; Spain-European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; Spain-UNESCO ; EGO consortium ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India ; Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR) ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación ; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme ; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears ; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) ; European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre ; European Union (EU) ; Royal Society of London ; Scottish Funding Council ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) ; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Industry Canada ; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications ; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Leverhulme Trust ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Kavli Foundation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF- Directorate for Education & Human Resources (EHR) 1242090 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1153335 1505230 1403586 1455090 1104371 1607709 1607336 1607520 1404139 1506486 1607199 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1455090 1153335 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1506232 1607585 1403586 1505296 1607336 1404139 1104371 1607520 1505230 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; Villum Fonden 00013161
SB would like to thank Tara Murphy, Martin Bell, Paul Hancock, Keith Bannister, Chris Blake and Bing Zhang for useful discussions. ; We report the discovery of four Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) in the ongoing SUrvey for Pulsars and Extragalactic Radio Bursts at the Parkes Radio Telescope: FRBs 150610, 151206, 151230 and 160102. Our real-time discoveries have enabled us to conduct extensive, rapid multimessenger follow-up at 12 major facilities sensitive to radio, optical, X-ray, gamma-ray photons and neutrinos on time-scales ranging from an hour to a few months post-burst. No counterparts to the FRBs were found and we provide upper limits on afterglow luminosities. None of the FRBs were seen to repeat. Formal fits to all FRBs show hints of scattering while their intrinsic widths are unresolved in time. FRB 151206 is at low Galactic latitude, FRB 151230 shows a sharp spectral cut-off, and FRB 160102 has the highest dispersion measure (DM = 2596.1 ± 0.3 pc cm−3) detected to date. Three of the FRBs have high dispersion measures (DM > 1500 pc cm−3), favouring a scenario where the DM is dominated by contributions from the intergalactic medium. The slope of the Parkes FRB source counts distribution with fluences >2 Jy ms is α=−2.2+0.6−1.2 and still consistent with a Euclidean distribution (α = −3/2). We also find that the all-sky rate is 1.7+1.5−0.9×103 FRBs/(4π sr)/day above ∼2Jyms and there is currently no strong evidence for a latitude-dependent FRB sky rate. ; The Parkes radio telescope and the Australia Telescope Compact Array are part of the Australia Telescope National Facility which is funded by the Commonwealth of Australia for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. The GMRT is run by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. VLAis run by theNational Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). NRAO is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. This work was performed on the gSTAR national facility at Swinburne University of Technology. gSTAR is funded by Swinburne and the Australian Government's Education Investment Fund. This work is also based on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. We thank the LSST Project for making their code available as free software at http://dm.lsstcorp.org. Funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 617199 (EP). Access to the Lovell Telescope is supported through an STFC consolidated grant. The 100-m telescope in Effelsberg is operation by the Max- Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie with funds of the Max-Planck Society. The Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) is funded by the Department of University and Research (MIUR), the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (RAS) and is operated as National Facility by the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). TB and RWW are grateful to the STFC for financial support (grant reference ST/P000541/1). Research support to IA is provided by the Australian Astronomical Observatory. The ANTARES authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Commission Européenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), IdEx program and UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cité (ANR-10- LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02), Labex OCEVU (ANR- 11-LABX-0060) and the A*MIDEX project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001- 02), Région Île-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Région Alsace (contrat CPER), Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Département du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; IstitutoNazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigación (refs. FPA2015- 65150-C3-1-P, -2-P and -3-P, (MINECO/FEDER)), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), and Prometeo and Grisolía programs (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities. This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester. This research has made use of data, software and/or web tools obtained from the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), a service of the Astrophysics Science Division at NASA/GSFC and of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's High Energy Astrophysics Division. This work is based in part on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. This paper makes use of software developed for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. We thank the LSST Project for making their code available as free software at http://dm.lsstcorp.org. RPE/MK gratefully acknowledges support from ERC Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam" Grant Agreement Number 610058
The KM3NeT Collaboration runs a multi-site neutrino observatory in the Mediterranean Sea. Water Cherenkov particle detectors, deep in the sea and far off the coasts of France and Italy, are already taking data while incremental construction progresses. Data Acquisition Control software is operating off-shore detectors as well as testing and qualification stations for their components. The software, named Control Unit, is highly modular. It can undergo upgrades and reconfiguration with the acquisition running. Interplay with the central database of the Collaboration is obtained in a way that allows for data taking even if Internet links fail. In order to simplify the management of computing resources in the long term, and to cope with possible hardware failures of one or more computers, the KM3NeT Control Unit software features a custom dynamic resource provisioning and failover technology, which is especially important for ensuring continuity in case of rare transient events in multi-messenger ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-15-CE31-0020 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France ; IdEx program ; Univearths Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-000502 ; Paris Ile-de-France Region, France ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; National Science Center, Poland National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU), Spain ; Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (MCIU/FEDER) PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-BC44 ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence ; MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Spain ; Junta de Andalucía ; Generalitat Valenciana, Spain: Grisolia GRISOLIA/2018/119 ; Generalitat Valenciana CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ; EU: MSC program, Spain 713673
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives(CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Labex UnivEarthS(ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-AlpesCote d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN), Italy; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek(NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCI) and Agencia Estatal de Investigacion: Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCI/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider, Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR and A-FQM-053-UGR18), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034) programs, Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives(CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Labex UnivEarthS(ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-AlpesCote d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN), Italy; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek(NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCI) and Agencia Estatal de Investigacion: Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCI/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider, Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR and A-FQM-053-UGR18), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034) programs, Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities. ; This letter presents a combined measurement of the energy spectra of atmospheric nu(e) and nu(mu) in the energy range between similar to 100 GeV and similar to 50 TeV with the ANTARES neutrino telescope. The analysis uses 3012 days of detector livetime in the period 2007-2017, and selects 1016 neutrinos interacting in (or close to) the instrumented volume of the detector, yielding shower-like events (mainly from nu(e) + (nu) over bar (e) charged current plus all neutrino neutral current interactions) and starting track events (mainly from nu(mu) + (nu) over bar (mu) charged current interactions). The contamination by atmospheric muons in the final sample is suppressed at the level of a few per mill by different steps in the selection analysis, including a Boosted Decision Tree classifier. The distribution of reconstructed events is unfolded in terms of electron and muon neutrino fluxes. The derived energy spectra are compared with previous measurements that, above 100 GeV, are limited to experiments in polar ice and, for nu(mu), to Super-Kamiokande. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; Labex UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN), Italy ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice (CNCS) ; Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (UEFISCDI) ; Spanish Government PGC2018096663-B-C41 PGC2018096663-A-C42 PGC2018096663-B-C43 PGC2018096663-B-C44 ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider ; Junta de Andalucia SOMM17/6104/UGR A-FQM-053-UGR18 ; Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia program, Spain GRISOLIA/2018/119 ; Generalitat Valenciana: GenT program, Spain CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; Agencia Estatal de Investigacion PGC2018096663-B-C41 PGC2018096663-A-C42 PGC2018096663-B-C43 PGC2018096663-B-C44 ; Commission Europeenne (Marie Curie Program)
Multifactor authentication is a relevant tool in securing IT infrastructures combining two or more credentials. We can find smartcards and hardware tokens to leverage the authentication process, but they have some limitations. Users connect these devices in the client node to log in or request access to services. Alternatively, if an application wants to use these resources, the code has to be amended with bespoke solutions to provide access. Thanks to advances in system-on-chip devices, we can integrate cryptographically robust, low-cost solutions. In this work, we present an autonomous device that allows multifactor authentication in client–server systems in a transparent way, which facilitates its integration in High-Performance Computing (HPC) and cloud systems, through a generic gateway. The proposed electronic token (eToken), based on the system-on-chip ESP32, provides an extra layer of security based on elliptic curve cryptography. Secure communications between elements use Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) to facilitate their interconnection. We have evaluated different types of possible attacks and the impact on communications. The proposed system offers an efficient solution to increase security in access to services and systems. ; Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICINN) PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; European Union (EU)
LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration, Fermi GBM, INTEGRAL, IceCube Collaboration, AstroSat Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager Team, IPN Collaboration, The Insight-HXMT Collaboration, ANTARES Collaboration, The Swift Collaboration, AGILE Team, The 1M2H Team, The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration and the DES Collaboration, The DLT40 Collaboration, GRAWITA: GRAvitational Wave Inaf TeAm, The Fermi Large Area Telescope Collaboration, ATCA: Australia Telescope Compact Array, ASKAP: Australian SKA Pathfinder, Las Cumbres Observatory Group, OzGrav, DWF (Deeper, Wider, Faster Program), AST3, and CAASTRO Collaborations, The VINROUGE Collaboration, MASTER Collaboration, J-GEM, GROWTH, JAGWAR, CaltechNRAO, TTU-NRAO, and NuSTAR Collaborations, Pan-STARRS, The MAXI Team, TZAC Consortium, KU Collaboration, Nordic Optical Telescope, ePESSTO, GROND, Texas Tech University, SALT Group, TOROS: Transient Robotic Observatory of the South Collaboration, The BOOTES Collaboration, MWA: Murchison Widefield Array, The CALET Collaboration, IKI-GW Follow-up Collaboration, H.E.S.S. Collaboration, LOFAR Collaboration, LWA: Long Wavelength Array, HAWC Collaboration, The Pierre Auger Collaboration, ALMA Collaboration, Euro VLBI Team, Pi of the Sky Collaboration, The Chandra Team at McGill University, DFN: Desert Fireball Network, ATLAS, High Time Resolution Universe Survey, RIMAS and RATIR, and SKA South Africa/MeerKAT ; On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of $\sim 1.7\,{\rm{s}}$ with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of ${40}_{-8}^{+8}$ Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 $\,{M}_{\odot }$. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at $\sim 40\,{\rm{Mpc}}$) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient's position $\sim 9$ and $\sim 16$ days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta. ; Kavli Foundation ; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond ; Niels Bohr International Academy ; DARK Cosmology Centre ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1518052 AST-141242 AST-1411763 AST-1714498 AST-1517649 PHY-1607291 AST-1412421 AST-1313484 ; Gordon AMP; Betty Moore Foundation ; Heising-Simons Foundation ; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ; The David & Lucile Packard Foundation ; DNRF ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) ; Space Telescope Science Institute National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) HST-HF-51348.001 HST-HF-51373.001 ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NAS5-26555 NNX15AE50G NNX16AC22G NAS5-00136 NNX08AR22G NNX12AR65G NNX14AM74G NNX12AR55G NNM13AA43C NNM11AA01A NNX15AE60G PF6-170148 PF7-180162 ; INAF ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) I/028/12/2 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER), France ; Commission Europeenne, France ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France ; IdEx, France ; Sorbonne Paris Cite, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU, France ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; A*MIDEX, France ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Alsace (CPER), France ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cite d'Azur, France ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (MINECO/FEDER), Spain FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Basic Research Program of China 2013CB834901 2013CB834900 2013CB834903 ; Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation AMP; Assessment Program CHINARE2016-02-03-05 ; Tsinghua University ; Nanjing University ; Beijing Normal University ; University of New South Wales ; Texas AM University ; Australian Antarctic Division ; National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) of Australia ; Chinese Academy of Sciences through Center for Astronomical Mega-Science ; National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC) ; Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; ANPCyT ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ; Municipalidad de Malargue ; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Ciencia Tecnologia e Inovacao (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) ; Czech Republic Government MSMT CR LG15014 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 ; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Region Ile-de-France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ; Helmholtz Association ; Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) ; CETEMPS Center of Excellence ; Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Italy) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 ; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ; Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica (PAPIIT) ; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ; Netherlands - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; FOM (The Netherlands) ; Poland-National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 ; Portugal-Portuguese national funds ; FEDER within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; CNDI-UEFISCDI 20/2012 194/2012 PN 16 42 01 02 ; Slovenia-Slovenian Research Agency ; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid ; European Union (EU) ; Spanish Government ; Xunta de Galicia ; European Union (EU) FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) 0450696 ; Grainger Foundation ; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; European Union (EU) PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; UNESCO ; Australian Research Council FT150100099 FL15010014 ; Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science ; Western Australian and Australian Governments ; Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science ; Australian Research Council CE170100013 ; Spanish Government AYA 2015-71718-R ; Junta de Andalucia TIC-2839 ; National Research Foundation NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870 DGE-1144469 ; Korea Basic Science Research Program NRF2014R1A6A3A03057484 NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961 ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico) through Laboratorios Nacionales Program (Mexico) ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC, Spain) ; Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU, South Korea) ; Australian Research Council CE110001020 ; Australian Research Council LE130100104 ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) ; JAXA ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP 17H06362 JP26220708 JP17H02901 JP17H06363 JP15H00788 JP24103003 JP10147214 JP10147207 ; Chandra X-ray Observatory Center GO7-18033X ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NAS8-03060 ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) ; UKSA ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Department of Space (DoS), Government of India ; European Union (EU) 653477 ; ESO 199.D-0143 099.D-0376 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) HA 1850/28-1 Kl 766/16-3 ; European Union (EU) 291222 615929 647208 725161 ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/P000312/1 ; ERF ST/M005348/1 ST/P000495/1 ; Marie Sklodowska-Curie 702538 ; Polish NCN OPUS 2015/17/B/ST9/03167 ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; California Institute of Technology ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 3160504 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1311862 ; Quantum Universe I-Core program ; Kimmel award ; IRC GOIPG/2017/1525 ; Australian Research Council CE110001020 FT160100028 ; Millennium Science Initiative IC120009 ; NASA through Fermi-GBM ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) 50 QV 0301 ; Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) 50 OG 1101 ; Science Foundation Ireland 12/IP/1288 ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) ; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) ; JAXA (Japan) ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Swedish Research Council ; National Space Board (Sweden) ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) ; Centre National D'etudes Spatiales ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-76SF00515 ; Office of Naval Research N00014-07-C0147 ; National Science Foundation under University Radio Observatory AST-1139963 AST-1139974 ; ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory 099.D-0382 099.D-0622 099.D-0191 099.D-0116 ; REM telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory 35020 ; Department of University and Research (MIUR) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) ; BIC 114332KYSB20160007 ; Chinese Academy of Sciences KJZD-EW-M06 ; National Natural Science Foundation of China 11673062 ; Oversea Talent Program of Yunnan Province ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia P1-0188 ; Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) - National Science Foundation under PIRE 1545949 ; California Institute of Technology (USA) ; University of Maryland College Park (USA) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 15H05437 ; JST Consortia ; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (USA) ; Texas Tech University (USA) ; San Diego State University (USA) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) ; National Central University (Taiwan) ; Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India) ; Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India) ; Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel) ; Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden) ; Humboldt University (Germany) ; Liverpool John Moores University (UK) ; Planning and Budgeting Committee ; Israel Science Foundation ; Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) 1455090 ; ERC grant TReX ; Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) ; NRL ; Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys ; Hintze Family Charitable Foundation ; Swedish Research Council ; Israel Science Foundation, Minerva, Israeli ministry of Science ; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation ; I-CORE of the Planning and Budgeting Committee ; Swedish Research Council 2016 03657 3 ; Swedish National Space Board Dnr. 107/16 ; Gravitational Radiation and Electromagnetic Astrophysical Transients (GREAT) - Swedish Research council (V.R.) Dnr. 2016-06012 ; Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India ; Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 271051 232656 167281 260378 179588 239762 254964 271737 258865 243290 ; Red HAWC, Mexico ; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico RG100414 IN111315 IN111716-3 IA102715 109916 ; VIEP-BUAP ; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Polish Science Centre DEC-2014/13/B/ST9/945 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Max Planck Society ; Foundation CELLEX ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Ministry of Research, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Programme of the CNRS ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; IPNP of the Charles University ; Grant Agency of the Czech Republic ; Polish National Science Centre ; South African Department of Science and Technology ; National Research Foundation ; University of Namibia ; National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia (NCRST) ; Innsbruck University ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Austrian Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy ; University of Adelaide ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; University of Amsterdam ; EGI Federation ; China National Space Administration (CNSA) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences XDB23040400 ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China 2016YFA0400800 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; Grid Laboratory of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; FWO ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme ; Flanders Institute ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand ; Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) 15-1230015 14-22-00271 ; Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan 0075/GF4 ; RUSTAVELI FR/379/6-300/14 ; European Space Agency ; ESA Russia ; ESA USA ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Centre National D'etudes Spatiales ; Helmholtz Association ; German Aerospace Centre (DLR) ; INTA ; OSTC ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) Italian Space Agency (ASI) 2013-025-R.1 ; German INTEGRAL through DLR 50 OG 1101 ; Spanish MINECO/FEDER ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) 16-29-13009-ofi-m ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP16H02183 JP15H02075 JP15H02069 JP26800103 JP25800103 ; Inter-University Cooperation Program of the MEXT ; NINS program ; Toyota Foundation D11-R-0830 ; Mitsubishi Foundation ; Yamada Science Foundation ; Inoue Foundation for Science ; National Research Foundation - South Africa ; NRF 2017R1A3A3001362 ; KASI 2017-1-830-03 ; Israel Science Foundation 541/17 ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India ; Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR) ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion ; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme ; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears ; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana ; National Science Centre of Poland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) ; European Commission Joint Research Centre ; European Union (EU) ; Royal Society of London ; Scottish Funding Council ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alapprogramok (OTKA) ; Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) ; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Industry Canada and Province of Ontario through Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications ; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; Leverhulme Trust ; Research Corporation for Science Advancement ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; RIKEN ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP 17H06362 ; EVN RP029 ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme 653477 ; European Research Council (ERC) 647208 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through NWO VIDI 639.042.612-Nissanke ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) 62002444-Nissanke ; VISIR 60.A-9392 ; MOST104-2923-M-008-004-MY5 ; MOST106-2112-M-008-007
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris Ile-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034) programs, La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 713673), Spain. ; The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine. ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-15-CE31-0020 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund), France ; Commission Europeenne (Marie Curie Program), France ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France ; LabEx UnivEarthS, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Paris Ile-de-France Region, France ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; PRIN 2017 program Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (MCIU/FEDER), Spain PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Spain ; Junta de Andalucia European Commission SOMM17/6104/UGR ; Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia program, Spain GRISOLIA/2018/119 ; Generalitat Valenciana: GenT program, Spain CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ; EU: MSC program, Spain 713673
Program summary Program Title: gSeaGen CPC Library link to program files: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/ymgxvy2br4.1 Licensing provisions: GPLv3 Programming language: C++ External routines/libraries: GENIE [1] and its external dependencies. Linkable to MUSIC [2] and PROPOSAL [3]. Nature of problem: Development of a code to generate detectable events in neutrino telescopes, using modern and maintained neutrino interaction simulation libraries which include the state-of-the-art physics models. The default application is the simulation of neutrino interactions within KM3NeT [4]. Solution method: Neutrino interactions are simulated using GENIE, a modern framework for Monte Carlo event generators. The GENIE framework, used by nearly all modern neutrino experiments, is considered as a reference code within the neutrino community. Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The code was tested with GENIE version 2.12.10 and it is linkable with release series 3. Presently valid up to 5 TeV. This limitation is not intrinsic to the code but due to the present GENIE valid energy range. References: [1] C. Andreopoulos at al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A614 (2010) 87. [2] P. Antonioli et al., Astropart. Phys. 7 (1997) 357. [3] J. H. Koehne et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 184 (2013) 2070. [4] S. Adrián-Martínez et al., J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 43 (2016) 084001. ; The gSeaGen code is a GENIE-based application developed to efficiently generate high statistics samples of events, induced by neutrino interactions, detectable in a neutrino telescope. The gSeaGen code is able to generate events induced by all neutrino flavours, considering topological differences between tracktype and shower-like events. Neutrino interactions are simulated taking into account the density and the composition of the media surrounding the detector. The main features of gSeaGen are presented together with some examples of its application within the KM3NeT project. ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-15-CE31-0020 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France ; IdEx program, France ; UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-000502 ; Paris Ile-de-France Region, France ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) ; PRIN 2017 program Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento, Spain (MCIU/FEDER) PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-BC43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Junta de Andalucia, Spain SOMM17/6104/UGR ; Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia, Spain GRISOLIA/2018/119 ; GenT, Spain CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ; EU: MSC program, Spain 713673
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris Ile-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034) programs, La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 713673), Spain. ; The KM3NeT research infrastructure is currently under construction at two locations in the Mediterranean Sea. The KM3NeT/ORCA water-Cherenkov neutrino detector off the French coast will instrument several megatons of seawater with photosensors. Its main objective is the determination of the neutrino mass ordering. This work aims at demonstrating the general applicability of deep convolutional neural networks to neutrino telescopes, using simulated datasets for the KM3NeT/ORCA detector as an example. To this end, the networks are employed to achieve reconstruction and classification tasks that constitute an alternative to the analysis pipeline presented for KM3NeT/ORCA in the KM3NeT Letter of Intent. They are used to infer event reconstruction estimates for the energy, the direction, and the interaction point of incident neutrinos. The spatial distribution of Cherenkov light generated by charged particles induced in neutrino interactions is classified as shower- or track-like, and the main background processes associated with the detection of atmospheric neutrinos are recognized. Performance comparisons to machine-learning classification and maximum-likelihood reconstruction algorithms previously developed for KM3NeT/ORCA are provided. It is shown that this application of deep convolutional neural networks to simulated datasets for a large-volume neutrino telescope yields competitive reconstruction results and performance improvements with respect to classical approaches. ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-15-CE31-0020 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; LabEx UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia FR-18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) Research Projects of National Relevance (PRIN) ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades PGC2018-096663-B-C41 A-C42 B-C43 B-C44 ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence ; Junta de Andalucia SOMM17/6104/UGR ; Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia GRISOLIA/2018/119 CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ; EU: MSC program 713673
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris Ile-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034 and CIDEGENT/2019/043) programs, La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 713673), Spain. ; The next generation of water Cherenkov neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea are under construction offshore France (KM3NeT/ORCA) and Sicily (KM3NeT/ARCA). The KM3NeT/ORCA detector features an energy detection threshold which allows to collect atmospheric neutrinos to study flavour oscillation. This paper reports the KM3NeT/ORCA sensitivity to this phenomenon. The event reconstruction, selection and classification are described. The sensitivity to determine the neutrino mass ordering was evaluated and found to be 4.4 sigma if the true ordering is normal and 2.3 sigma if inverted, after 3 years of data taking. The precision to measure Delta m(32)(2) and theta(23) were also estimated and found to be 85.10(-6) eV(2) and ((+1.9)(-3.1))degrees for normal neutrino mass ordering and, 75.10(-6) eV(2) and ((+2.0)(-7.0))degrees for inverted ordering. Finally, a unitarity test of the leptonic mixing matrix by measuring the rate of tau neutrinos is described. Three years of data taking were found to be sufficient to exclude (nu)over-left-right-arrow tau event rate variations larger than 20% at 3 sigma level. ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-15-CE31-0020 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund), France Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France LabEx UnivEarthS, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 Paris Ile-de-France Region, France ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) ; PRIN 2017 program, Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; The National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento, Spain PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia program, Spain GRISOLIA/2018/119 La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ; EU: MSC program, Spain 713673 ; Commission Europeenne (Marie Curie Program), France ; Generalitat Valenciana: GenT programs, Spain CIDEGENT/2018/034 CIDEGENT/2019/043 ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): MultiDark Consolider (MCIU) ; Junta de Andalucia European Commission SOMM17/6104/UGR
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris Ile-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISO-LIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034 and CIDE-GENT/2019/043) programs, La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 713673), Spain. This work has also received funding from the European Union'sHorizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant agreement no 739560. ; The KM3NeT research infrastructure is under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of two water Cherenkov neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, aimed at neutrino astrophysics and oscillation research, respectively. Instrumenting a large volume of sea water with similar to 6200 optical modules comprising a total of similar to 200,000 photomultiplier tubes, KM3NeT will achieve sensitivity to similar to 10 MeV neutrinos from Galactic and near-Galactic core-collapse supernovae through the observation of coincident hits in photomultipliers above the background. In this paper, the sensitivity of KM3NeT to a supernova explosion is estimated from detailed analyses of background data from the first KM3NeT detection units and simulations of the neutrino signal. The KM3NeT observational horizon (for a 5 sigma discovery) covers essentially the Milky-Way and for the most optimistic model, extends to the Small Magellanic Cloud (similar to 60 kpc). Detailed studies of the time profile of the neutrino signal allow assessment of the KM3NeT capability to determine the arrival time of the neutrino burst with a few milliseconds precision for sources up to 5-8 kpc away, and detecting the peculiar signature of the standing accretion shock instability if the core-collapse supernova explosion happens closer than 3-5 kpc, depending on the progenitor mass. KM3NeT's capability to measure the neutrino flux spectral parameters is also presented. ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-15-CE31-0020 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Commission Europeenne, France ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France ; LabEx UnivEarthS, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Paris Ile-de-France Region, France ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) ; PRIN 2017 program, Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; Netherlands Government ; National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento, Spain PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Spain ; Junta de Andalucia European Commission SOMM17/6104/UGR ; Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia, Spain GRISO-LIA/2018/119 GenT program, Spain CIDEGENT/2018/034 CIDE-GENT/2019/043 ; La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 EU: MSC program, Spain 713673 ; European Commission 739560
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris ile-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Generalitat Valenciana: Prometeo (PROMETEO/2020/019), Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034, /2019/043, /2020/049) programs, Junta de Andalucia (ref. A-FQM-053-UGR18), La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 101025085), Spain. ; The KM3NeT research infrastructure is unconstruction in the Mediterranean Sea. KM3NeT will study atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos with two multipurpose neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, primarily aimed at GeV–PeV neutrinos. Thanks to the multiphotomultiplier tube design of the digital optical modules, KM3NeT is capable of detecting the neutrino burst from a Galactic or near-Galactic core-collapse supernova. This potential is already exploitable with the first detection units deployed in the sea. This paper describes the real-time implementation of the supernova neutrino search, operating on the two KM3NeT detectors since the first months of 2019. A quasi-online astronomy analysis is introduced to study the time profile of the detected neutrinos for especially significant events. Themechanism of generation and distribution of alerts, aswell as the integration into theSNEWSandSNEWS 2.0 global alert systems, are described. The approach for the follow-up of external alerts with a search for a neutrino excess in the archival data is defined. Finally, an overviewof the current detector capabilities and a report after the first two years of operation are given. ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ; European Commission ANR-15-CE31-0020 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Commission Europeenne ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; LabEx UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) ; PRIN 2017 program, Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEO/2020/019 ; Grisolia program GRISOLIA/2018/119 CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; Junta de Andalucia A-FQM-053-UGR18 ; La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ; EU: MSC program 101025085 ; Paris Ile-de-France Region, France ; GenT program CIDEGENT/2018/034 CIDEGENT/2019/043 CIDEGENT/2020/049
