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When the Spanish Republic came –as it happened, in the case of the continental Basque writers, with the French Republic- the journalists and the media made a reaction, and took a clear ideological position against the new government, supporting the conservative nationalism represented by the Basque Nationalist Party. During the years of the Republic, there were some media that were created to fight against it (Ekin), others pre-existants that radicalised their position (Argia) and, finally, some other ones whose anti-republicanism was more generic (the religious journals Zeruko Argia or Aranzazu). The campaigns in favour of the different projects of Basque statute marked as well the language of the Basque journalism in that historical period. ; El advenimiento de la II República española -como antes lo había sido, para los escritores en lengua vasca continentales, la República francesa- fue para los periodistas y los medios de comunicación en euskera un revulsivo, y supuso un posicionamiento ideológico muy claro de la mayoría de ellos en contra de esta forma de Gobierno, así como una toma de postura explícita -sobre todo por parte de aquellos que pertenecían al estamento religioso- por el nacionalismo conservador representado por el PNV. Durante todo el período de la República, hubo medios beligerantes contra la misma (Ekin), otros que radicalizaron su postura (Argia) y, en fin, otros cuyo antirrepublicanismo era más general (el caso de las revistas religiosas Zeruko Argia o Aranzazu). Las campañas en pos de los diferentes proyectos de Estatuto vasco marcaron igualmente el lenguaje de buena parte del periodismo escrito en euskera en este periodo histórico.

El estudio del ciberperiodismo, como nuevo medio de comunicación, exige una investigación teórica básica que permita, en primer lugar, definir con claridad los conceptos y características que definen el nuevo fenómeno. En este artículo hacemos un recorrido por los postulados teóricos de esos conceptos: hipertextualidad, interactividad, multimedialidad y memoria. Hacemos también referencia a las corrientes metodológicas empleadas para su medición y estudio. La conclusión es que nos encontramos frente a un nuevo medio con nuevas características que, correctamente definidas, pueden ser observadas empíricamente, lo que nos permitirá establecer las correspondientes tipologías genéricas.

This text correspond to the meeting organized by OpenForum Europe and held at the European Parliament in Brussels, October 17, 2016. Invited by Open Forum Europe to give a talk in a meeting hosted by MEP Catherine Stiehler, the author had the chance to explain some points of view on the new press publishers' right, included in the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, launched on September 14, 2016. These are some of the guidelines explained in that session, in a more developed way. ; A deliverable in the Creation and interactive content in audiovisual communication: Audiences, design, systems and formats research project CSO2015-64955-C4-2-R (MINECO/FEDER), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain), R&D+i Plan.

Europa ha conocido en 2014 dos reformas de las leyes de propiedad intelectual directamente pensadas para hacer que Google news pague a los editores de diarios en concepto de compensación por reproducción de contenidos ajenos, empleando las figuras legales de los derechos de explotación secundaria (ancillary rights), en el caso alemán, y de derecho irrenunciable, categoría antes reservada exclusivamente a los derechos morales, y por tanto personales, en el caso español. En este último, la reforma legal ha llevado a Google news a abandonar, por primera vez, su servicio en un país concreto. Estas dos iniciativas se unen a otras que, empleando la vía de la reforma legal o la jurisprudencial, han intentado hacer pagar al gigante americano, y han provocado un debate continental acerca de la conveniencia o no de la que la Unión Europea unifique su postura al respecto, incluso yendo posiblemente en contra de su propia doctrina, y en concreto del caso Svensson sobre el uso lícito de enlaces. ; During 2014, Germany and Spain reformed their copyright laws, with the specific goal of making Google news compensate newspaper publishers for the use of third parties' copyrightable works. These reforms were based on ancillary rights in Germany, and unwaivable rights in Spain (until now reserved to moral –and therefore personal– rights). In Spain, as a direct consequence of the legal reform, Google news decided, for the first time, to stop offering its service in a specific country. These initiatives join earlier efforts, using both legal and jurisprudential approaches, to attempt to make the American giant pay, and they have caused a debate on whether or not the European Union should clarify its opinion on the matter, even though it may contradict existing legal doctrine, such as the decision about the use of hyperlinks in the Svensson case.

The primary goal of this article is to con-tribute to research on the quality of and practices in the participation of active users of online media, specifically related to important, European-level political issues. Our text deals with trends which were detected surrounding political engagement and interest in politics during the campaign for the European Parliamentary elections held in May 2014. We focus on the questions of the Scottish referendum for independence, which was held in September 2014, and indirectly on the so called 'Catalan question'. We use those issues not as topics to be analysed per se, but as a starting point to investigate the trends that arise in a country when users decide to participate actively through comments. In this sense, our proposal openly aims to use well-known techniques: content analysis of comments and in-depth semi-structured interviews with the editors in charge of the comment sections of the media under analysis. Our article builds on previous research on the topic, and our goal is to verify the extent to which the trends identified in previous studies regarding the characteristics and quality of comments posted by users in Catalonia show consistent traits or not. For our purposes, quality is defined as the creation of productive and diverse debate communities as opposed to the entrenchment of homogeneous communities. ; Aquest article té com a principal objectiu contribuir a la recerca sobre la qualitat i pràctiques de la participació dels usuaris actius dels mitjans digitals, i més concre-ament pel que fa a temes d'una certa importància política a Europa. El nostre text tracta de les tendències detectades al voltant del compromís i l'interès sobre la política durant la campanya a les eleccions al Parlament Europeu de maig de 2014. Ens centrem, concretament, en qüestions que fan referència al referèndum sobre la independència d'Escòcia, que es va celebrar el setembre de 2014, i indirectament sobre l'anomenada "qüestió catalana". Farem servir aquests temes no tant com a ...

Twitter as an electoral communication tool is determined by the objectives and the character of each political organization. This article analyses the communication strategies of the political organization Barcelona en Comú on Twitter for a better understanding of the way in which new political forces work in a digital environment. The case study is based on qualitative content analysis with several categories related to the message and the digital network possibilities. The amount of 1,840 tweets from two groups of Twitter accounts was analyzed. First, the tweets disseminated by the six parties that form the electoral coalition Barcelona en Comú. Second, the tweets disseminated by politicians and members of communication commission of the parties. The results allow us to conclude that one of the six parties centralised the communication of the confluence. Also, that the bidirectional communication process among parties and users took place in the second group of Twitter accounts.

Twitter as an electoral communication tool is determined by the objectives and the character of each political organization. This article analyses the communication strategies of the political organization Barcelona en Comú on Twitter for a better understanding of the way in which new political forces work in a digital environment. The case study is based on qualitative content analysis with several categories related to the message and the digital network possibilities. The amount of 1,840 tweets from two groups of Twitter accounts was analyzed. First, the tweets disseminated by the six partiesthat form the electoral coalition Barcelona en Comú. Second, the tweets disseminated by politicians and members of communication commission of the parties. The results allow us to conclude that one of the six parties centralised the communication of the confluence. Also, that the bidirectional communication process among parties and users took place in the second group of Twitter accounts.

Twitter as an electoral communication tool is determined by the objectives and the character of each political organization. This article analyses the communication strategies of the political organization Barcelona en Comú on Twitter for a better understanding of the way in which new political forces work in a digital environment. The case study is based on qualitative content analysis with several categories related to the message and the digital network possibilities. The amount of 1,840 tweets from two groups of Twitter accounts was analyzed. First, the tweets disseminated by the six parties that form the electoral coalition Barcelona en Comú. Second, the tweets disseminated by politicians and members of communication commission of the parties. The results allow us to conclude that one of the six parties centralised the communication of the confluence. Also, that the bidirectional communication process among parties and users took place in the second group of Twitter accounts. ; El uso de Twitter como herramienta de comunicación electoral se encuentra determinado por el carácter de cada organización política. Este artículo analiza las estrategias comunicativas electorales en Twitter de la organización política Barcelona en Comú con el fin de averiguar cómo las nuevas formaciones políticas actúan en el medio digital. El presente caso de estudio se basa en un análisis de contenido cualitativo centrado en diferentes categorías en relación al tema de campaña y a las posibilidades que la red digital ofrece. El universo de estudio son 1.840 tweets organizados en dos niveles de análisis. En primer lugar, los tweets difundidos por las cuentas de los seis partidos que forman la coalición electoral Barcelona en Comú. En segundo lugar, los tweets publicados durante la campaña por las cuentas de los candidatos y miembros de la comisión de comunicación. Los resultados muestran como uno de los seis partidos de Barcelona en Comú centralizó la comunicación durante la campaña. Asimismo, se confirma que el proceso de ...

Twitter as an electoral communication tool is determined by the objectives and the character of each political organization. This article analyses the communication strategies of the political organization Barcelona en Comú on Twitter for a better understanding of the way in which new political forces work in a digital environment. The case study is based on qualitative content analysis with several categories related to the message and the digital network possibilities. The amount of 1,840 tweets from two groups of Twitter accounts was analyzed. First, the tweets disseminated by the six parties that form the electoral coalition Barcelona en Comú. Second, the tweets disseminated by politicians and members of communication commission of the parties. The results allow us to conclude that one of the six parties centralised the communication of the confluence. Also, that the bidirectional communication process among parties and users took place in the second group of Twitter accounts. ; El uso de Twitter como herramienta de comunicación electoral se encuentra determinado por el carácter de cada organización política. Este artículo analiza las estrategias comunicativas electorales en Twitter de la organización política Barcelona en Comú con el fin de averiguar cómo las nuevas formaciones políticas actúan en el medio digital. El presente caso de estudio se basa en un análisis de contenido cualitativo centrado en diferentes categorías en relación al tema de campaña y a las posibilidades que la red digital ofrece. El universo de estudio son 1.840 tweets organizados en dos niveles de análisis. En primer lugar, los tweets difundidos por las cuentas de los seis partidos que forman la coalición electoral Barcelona en Comú. En segundo lugar, los tweets publicados durante la campaña por las cuentas de los candidatos y miembros de la comisión de comunicación. Los resultados muestran como uno de los seis partidos de Barcelona en Comú centralizó la comunicación durante la campaña. Asimismo, se confirma que el proceso de comunicación bidireccional en Twitter se llevó a cabo mediante los perfiles en la red social de políticos y miembros de los grupos de comunicación de los partidos.

The primary goal of this article is to con­tribute to research on the quality of and practices in the participation of active users of online media, specifically rela­ted to important, European-level poli­tical issues. Our text deals with trends which were detected surrounding politi­cal engagement and interest in politics during the campaign for the European Parliamentary elections held in May 2014. We focus on the questions of the Scottish referendum for independence, which was held in September 2014, and indirectly on the so-called 'Catalan question'. We use those issues not as to­pics to be analysed per se, but as a star­ting point to investigate the trends that arise in a country when users decide to participate actively through comments. In this sense, our proposal openly aims to use well-known techniques: content analysis of comments and in-depth semi-structured interviews with the edi­tors in charge of the comment sections of the media under analysis. Our article builds on previous research on the to­pic, and our goal is to verify the extent to which the trends identified in pre­vious studies regarding the characte­ristics and quality of comments posted by users in Catalonia show consistent traits or not. For our purposes, quality is defined as the creation of productive and diverse debate communities as op­posed to the entrenchment of homoge­neous communities. ; Aquest article té com a principal objectiu contribuir a la recerca sobre la qualitat i pràctiques de la participació dels usuaris actius dels mitjans digitals, i més concre­tament pel que fa a temes d'una certa importància política a Europa. El nostre text tracta de les tendències detectades al voltant del compromís i l'interès sobre la política durant la campanya a les elec­cions al Parlament Europeu de maig de 2014. Ens centrem, concretament, en qüestions que fan referència al referèn­dum sobre la independència d'Escòcia, que es va celebrar el setembre de 2014, i indirectament sobre l'anomenada "qües­tió catalana". Farem servir aquests temes no tant com a qüestions a ser analitza­des per se, sinó més aviat com a punt de partida per interrogar-nos sobre les tendències que encara es manifesten en un país mediterrani quan els usuaris de­cideixen participar activament a través de comentaris. La nostra proposta es proposa de manera manifesta fer ser­vir tècniques ben conegudes: anàlisi de continguts dels comentaris i entrevistes en profunditat semiestructurades als res­ponsables de la secció de participació dels mitjans estudiats, i seguir investigacions prèvies similars. I el nostre objectiu és comprovar si, i fins a quin punt, les ten­dències prèviament definides en estudis anteriors sobre la participació i qualitat dels comentaris publicats pels usuaris a Catalunya presenten trets permanents o no, definint qualitat com la construcció de comunitats productives i plurals de debat, o si, per contra, s'estan reforçant comunitats homogènies.

Comments in online news could be the contemporary enactment of the eighteenth-century cafés that founded public sphere. This article assesses to what extent do these forms of digital discussion fit in Habermas' principles for democratic debate, using his discursive ethics as a demanding normative benchmark. The sample of more than 15,000 comments was selected from the online versions of five national newspapers of record from different political and journalistic contexts: The Guardian (United Kingdom), Le Monde (France), The New York Times (United States), El País (Spain), and La Repubblica (Italy). The ethical guidelines and legal frameworks set up by the newspapers as well as their moderation strategies were considered to understand the different settings of the conversations. Two models of audience participation emerge from the analysis, one where communities of debate are formed based on mostly respectful discussions between diverse points of view and another of homogenous communities, in which expressing feelings about current events dominates the contributions and there is less of an argumentative debate.