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A cartel is a group of similar, independent companies which join together to fix prices, limit production or share markets or customers among themselves. The most significant feature of this anticompetitive activity is its restriction of competition between the parties involved in the arrangement. The objective of a cartel is to raise prices above competitive levels, which can result in injury to consumers and to the economy. This is why cartels are considered not only harmful for the economy as a whole but also, as a catalysing factor, destructive for the idealized approach of maintaining a level playing field in the market. Thus various jurisdictions, or rather almost all competition regimes, declare cartels an illegal activity subject to severe fines and penalties. But it is well known that the enforcement mechanisms of laws against cartels differ from country to country, and yet the striking similarity is that almost all competition authorities face the same uphill task of detecting and busting cartels in a manner that leads to efficient and desired prosecution.This paper focuses on an analysis of the newly introduced leniency regulations in India and the parameters of their effectiveness through a comparative analytical study of BRICS leniency regulations, specifically the experiences shared by South Africa, Brazil and Russia in the application of leniency tools and a marker system. The paper further considers the weaknesses of the existing leniency regulations in India and in BRICS and concludes by offering a future path for possible improvements in the form of certain recommendations.

La Chine est aujourd'hui le premier créancier au monde, les États-Unis sont les premiers débiteurs. Pékin est le principal détenteur étranger de la dette gouvernementale américaine. Supplantant le Japon en 2008, la Chine est devenue le premier créancier étranger du gouvernement américain. Certains affirment que cette situation donne à Pékin un pouvoir sans précédent sur les États-Unis ; d'autres considèrent que le pouvoir de la Chine est en fait très restreint. Cet article montre que les caractéristiques actuelles de l'interdépendance économique entre les deux pays les poussent inévitablement à la coopération, mais que la Chine est préoccupée par l'évolution de l'économie américaine. Elle a déjà commencé à desserrer les liens de l'interdépendance, influençant fortement les relations entre la Chine et les États-Unis, et l'économie globale.

The precipitous rise in global and national economic inequality, which the inexorable force of globalization promised to address with affluence and abundance for all, has returned with a vengeance. The problem of worsening socioeconomic inequality and how best to ameliorate this pernicious resurgence occupies center stage of national and international politics. This study investigates the coexistence of high rates of economic growth and unparalleled prosperity (including a review of the decline in poverty levels in China and India and many other developing countries) with rises in income and wealth inequality in the United States, China, and India. This book examines the overall effectiveness of the measures taken by these three countries to address such anomalies, and what they should do to tackle the problem of widening inequality. This study breaks new ground by providing an original comparative analysis of the challenges facing the world's three major economies

The United States: why the trigger? -- The Bush and Obama administration's response -- From the American to the European crisis -- The Eurozone's sovereign debt crisis -- Russia: not an exceptional country -- China: from crisis management to rebalancing -- Japan, South Korea and India: impact and recovery -- The Middle-East amidst the global financial crisis -- The Great Recession and the world's poorest -- G-20 world: economic governance for the post-crisis world

Includes bibliographical references and index

The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 shook the global economy. What began as a localized currency crisis soon engulfed the entire Asian region. What went wrong and how did the Asian economies, long considered "miracles", respond? This book provides answers to this and other questions

Prelude to globalization : China (1949-78) and India (1947-91) -- China and India embrace globalization -- China : strategies and patterns of global integration -- India : strategies and patterns of global integration -- Sino-Indian relations : partners, friends or rivals? -- India and the United States : from estrangement to engagement -- The rise of China and its implications for the United States -- China and India : future challenges and opportunities.