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Russia interested in alternative partnership finances as early as the 90s of the XX century. The first attempts to apply the principles of Islamic finance were made by individual banks. The second wave of initiatives began after the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, with increasing interest in 2014 in the face of a complicating foreign policy situation and the imposition of economic sanctions. In such conditions, it became necessary to search for alternative sources of attracting investment, which, inter alia, became Islamic finance. From 1992 to the present, Russia has gained some experience in Islamic finance. This article provides a comprehensive review of the more than 25-year history of the development of the Islamic financial market in Russia in the context of the analysis of its problems and prospects. After introducing the main definitions, concepts, features and principles of Islamic finance, as well as citing numerical and geographical data on the industry, the author describes all the initiatives for the development of Islamic finance in Russia, divided into 4 levels: international, federal, regional and individual. The history of the development of the Islamic financial market in Russia is presented in chronological order with a division into industry components and Russia's experience in developing each of them — Islamic banking, Islamic insurance and the Islamic capital market. At the end, a brief analysis of the current state of the Russian Islamic financial micro-market is made and the main opportunities that Islamic finance can give Russia are also indicated.

У статті наведено досвід використання Simulink-додатків для візуально-імітаційного моделювання алгоритмів перешкодозахисту радіолокаційних станцій радіотехнічних військ. Наведено приклади Simulink-додатків, які моделюють алгоритми селекції рухомих цілей, компенсації активних шумових та хаотичних імпульсних перешкод. Розглянуто загальні підходи щодо використання створених візуально-імітаційних додатків алгоритмів перешкодозахисту радіолокаційних станцій радіотехнічних військ в освітньому процесі вищого військового навчального закладу. Надані рекомендації суб'єктам освітнього процесу щодо застосування запропонованих Simulink-додатків для інформаційної підтримки навчання курсантів з військово-технічних дисциплін, а також науковцям щодо проведення досліджень з оцінки ефективності перешкодозахисту радіолокаційних станцій радіотехнічних військ. ; В статье приведен опыт использования Simulink-приложений для визуально-имитационного моделирования алгоритмов помехозащиты радиолокационных станций радиотехнических войск. Приведены примеры Simulink-приложений, которые моделируют алгоритмы селекции движущихся целей, компенсации активных шумовых и хаотических импульсных помех. Рассмотрены общие подходы по использованию созданных визуально-имитационных приложений алгоритмов помехозащиты радиолокационных станций радиотехнических войск в образовательном процессе высшего военного учебного заведения. Даны рекомендации субъектам образовательного процесса по применению предложенных Simulink-приложений для информационной поддержки обучения курсантов по военно-техническим дисциплинам, а также ученым о проведении исследований по оценке эффективности помехозащиты радиолокационных станций радиотехнических войск. ; The article presents the experience of using Simulink applications for visual simulation modeling of interference protection algorithms that are implemented in radar stations of radio engineering troops. Visual simulation modeling of the protection against interference for the radar stations of radio engineering troops is today the most powerful and universal method of research and evaluation of their effectiveness. The main focus of recent publications is primarily on the disclosure of issues of the process of designing visual-simulation applications in Matlab / Simulink, however, questions about the use of Simulink-application data in the educational process of a higher military educational institution were not considered. Examples of Simulink applications that simulate algorithms for selection of moving targets, compensation of active noise and chaotic impulse noise are given. The general approaches to the use of the anti-interference algorithms of radar stations of radio engineering troops in the educational process of a higher military educational institution created by visual simulation applications are considered. Recommendations were made to the subjects of the educational process on the application of the proposed Simulink-applications for information support for the training of cadets in the military-technical disciplines, as well as to scientists for conducting studies on the effectiveness of the interference protection of the radar stations of radio engineering troops. The use of Simulink-applications during practical training will contribute to the development of creative abilities of cadets (students) through the individualization of training and the opportunity to independently perform and try their technical solutions, and this makes the learning process into an exciting lesson. The practical significance of Simulink-applications that are proposed for use in the educational process, is that for the teacher, Simulink-application is the best didactic tool for the visualization of educational information. Due to the visualization of complex technical processes, the simultaneous perception of linguistic and visual information, a vivid illustration of the provisions discussed in the lesson, it is possible to significantly improve the effectiveness of classes.

Many state‐of‐the‐art climate models do not simulate the Atlantic Water (AW) layer in the Arctic Ocean realistically enough to address the question of future Arctic Atlantification and its associated feedback. Biases concerning the AW layer are commonly related to insufficient resolution and excessive mixing in the ocean component as well as unrealistic Atlantic‐Arctic Ocean exchange. Based on sensitivity experiments with FESOM1.4, the ocean–sea‐ice component of the global climate model AWI‐CM1, we show that even if all impediments for simulating AW realistically are addressed in the ocean model, new biases in the AW layer develop after coupling to an atmosphere model. By replacing the wind forcing over the Arctic with winds from a coupled simulation we show that a common bias in the atmospheric sea level pressure (SLP) gradient and its associated wind bias lead to differences in surface stress and Ekman transport. Fresh surface water gets redistributed leading to changes in halosteric height distribution. Those changes lead to strengthening of the anticyclonic surface circulation in the Canadian Basin, so that the deep counterflow carrying warm AW gets reversed and a warm bias in the Canadian Basin develops. The SLP and anticyclonic wind bias in the Nordic Seas weaken the cyclonic circulation leading to reduced AW transport into the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait but increased AW transport through the Barents Sea Opening. These effects together lead to a cold bias in the Eurasian Basin. An underestimation of sea ice concentration can significantly amplify the induced ocean biases. ; Plain Language Summary: Coupled global climate models are used to predict anthropogenic climate change along with its impacts. The Arctic has experienced amplified warming in the recent decades compared to global mean warming and therefore is one region of intense climate research. In this context Atlantification of the Arctic Ocean has become a high priority topic. Atlantification describes the increasing impact of oceanic heat from the Atlantic Water (AW) layer of the Arctic Ocean on the sea ice cover. In climate models, the direction and strength of simulated AW circulation around the Arctic Ocean is known to be sensitive to ocean grid resolution, parametrization, boundary and surface forcing or a combination thereof. Here we show that biases in the atmospheric component of climate models can interrupt and even reverse the simulated AW circulation at depth. Such biases can be further amplified by a negative bias in simulated sea ice cover. This study shows how these surface biases can negatively impact the deep ocean circulation. ; Key Points: Many state‐of‐the‐art climate models fail to simulate the properties of the Atlantic Water layer in the Arctic Ocean realistically. Biases in Arctic sea level pressure and surface winds in atmosphere models can reverse Atlantic Water circulation. The underestimation of sea‐ice cover amplifies this problem further. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program ; Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318