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AbstractDuring the last eighty years, Essex and Suffolk Water has had to resort to various innovative water‐storage and river‐transfer schemes to satisfy increasing demands for water in the driest part of the UK. Recently, a series of droughts has emphasised the need for more water. To help meet this need, the company intends to recycle 35 MI/d of Chelmsford treated wastewater, using an £8 million plant to reduce pollutants. In April 2000, the company was granted discharge and abstraction licences by the Environment Agency for the recycling scheme. This paper includes (a) some of the results from several years of pre‐impact baseline data, (b) an outline of pilot trials of the recycling processes, and (c) a brief description of the public consultation which was necessary to promote the scheme.

AbstractDuring the 1995–97 drought, serious difficulties were experienced by Essex and Suffolk Water in obtaining sufficient water to meet demand. As an emergency measure, a consent to discharge up to 30 Ml/d of ultraviolet disinfected treated wastewater into a raw‐water reservoir was obtained from the Environment Agency. Performance of the ultraviolet plant and results of monitoring are reported, reporting procedures are outlined, and the reaction of media and water consumers are described.

AbstractResearch into possible endocrine disrupters and their effects, which is necessary to prove the safety of recycling schemes, is described. The research concentrated on the analysis of three steroid oestrogens and on trout bioassay (vitellogenin). The work was carried out in (a) experimental fish tanks using various mixtures of river water and treated wastewater, (b) pilot plants for wastewater and potable water treatment, and (c) monitoring the oestrogenic effects of discharging disinfected treated wastewater into Hanningfield reservoir during the 1995–98 drought. The overall conclusion is that the presence of minute traces of oestrogens in wastewater is not an insurmountable problem because they can be removed by dilution and self‐purification in rivers and reservoirs, by activated carbon and ultraviolet radiation in the recycling plant, and by ozone and activated carbon in water‐treatment plants.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR MORE THAN TWENTY-FIVE YEARS HAVE PRODUCED A NATION-CENTERED FEDERALISM. THIS ARTICLE LISTS REASONS FOR THIS FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION. IT THEN STATES THAT THE ONLY REAL CONSTRAINT ON NATIONAL ACTIVISM SINCE 1982 HAS BEEN BUDGET-DRIVEN FEDERALISM, NOT PLANNED REFORM EFFORTS. THE CURRENT SYSTEM THEN REQUIRES POLITICAL, REPRESENTATIONAL, JUDICIAL, AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IF THE CENTRALIZING, COOPTIVE, AND PERMISSIVE FEATURES OF CONTEMPORARY FEDERALISM ARE TO BE CORRECTED.

Arguments about the representativeness of local councillors in Britain often make assumptions about their disinterestedness. An introductory survey of the occupations of Labour Party councillors in London shows a high proportion of them may be 'interested' by dint of their public service affiliations. The concentration of public service interests among councillors poses problems for financial control in local government as well as for theories of representation.

Americans enjoy some of the cheapest, most convenient food on the planet. But like most bargains that are too good to be true, the modern food system is a fraud. It is built on the illusion of limitless abundance, and the planet has its limits. So too do the workers who must labor harder and faster for less pay. So too does a healthcare system that must absorb rising rates of diabetes and obesity. Through stories from around the globe, Kevin Walker reveals the true costs of our grand food bargain. By the end of the journey, we not only understand how the drive to produce ever more food became hardwired into the American psyche, but why shifting our mindset is essential

1 Origins And Development Of Small-Scale Steelmaking -- 1.1 The Mini-Steelworks—What is it? -- 1.2 Equipment for Mini-Steelworks—An Historical Perspective -- 1.3 Mini-Steelworks in the 1960s and Later -- 1.4 Technological Developments -- 1.5 Future Prospects -- References -- 2 Arc Furnace Feedstock -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Influence of Process Route and Other Factors on Scrap Availability -- 2.3 The Origins of Steel and Cast Iron Scrap -- 2.4 Scrap Preparation Plant and Associated Equipment -- 2.5 Technical Specification for Ferrous Scrap -- 2.6 Influence of Residuals on Steelmaking Practice -- 2.7 Other Sources of Iron -- 2.8 Other Materials -- References -- 3 Electric Arc Furnaces in Mini-Steelplants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Scope -- 3.3 Electrical Requirements -- 3.4 Furnace Design -- 3.5 Water-Cooled Panels -- 3.6 Computer Control of Electric Arc Melting Operations -- 3.7 Oxy-Fuel Burners -- 3.8 Scrap Preheating -- 3.9 Continuous Feeding -- 3.10 Foaming Slag -- 3.11 De-Oxidation Practice -- 3.12 Performance Criteria -- 3.13 Ladle Refining -- 3.14 Steels Produced in the Mini-Plant Arc Furnace -- 3.15 The Future of the Arc Furnace in the Mini-Steelplant -- References -- 4 Casting Methods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Choice of Casting Route -- 4.3 The Ladle -- 4.4 Ingot Casting -- 4.5 Continuous Casting -- 4.6 In-Line Rolling -- 4.7 Horizontal Continuous Casting -- References -- 5 Rolling Mills for Mini-Steelplants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Product Classification -- 5.3 The Steel Stock -- 5.4 Heating of the Steel for Rolling -- 5.5 Mill Layouts for Small-Scale Steelmaking -- 5.6 Roller Tables, Cooling Beds and Coilers -- 5.7 Shears and Saws -- 5.8 Mill Rolls -- 5.9 Mill Guides -- 5.10 Pass Design -- 5.11 Mill Drives -- 5.12 High Reduction Mills -- References -- 6 Energy Requirements and Environmental Constraints -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overall Energy Requirements for Steelmaking -- 6.3 Steelmaking and the Environment -- References.