Suchergebnisse

This study aims to describe the response of ethnic political subculture Bugis Bone and Gowa Makassar in the reform era, especially in the formation of a new elite. The results of this study indicate that the model of ethnic identity politics in Bugis Bone strengthened and weakened in Gowa Makassar etnicity. Bone aristrocrat succes to maintain its relationship with the masses, rather Gowa aristocrat, was decreased political function. In Bone, there was an elite formation process that is conducted by the clan of Page, while the political stage in Gowa more open and filled by a diverse political community. Bone society's political choices are more primordial, caused by power relations that continue to be maintained by the nobility of Bone. While the diversity of political choices made by people of Gowa due to the weak political control by elites and Gowa aristocrat.

Perkembangan bidang keilmuan ekologi-manusia, sosiologi lingkungan, dan ekologi-politik dipandang sangat impresif, selama dua dekade terakhir. Sekalipun berjalan tidak linier, transformasi ekologi-manusia menjadi sosiologi-ekologi-manusia (sosiologi lingkungan) telah mendorong munculnya ekologi-politik sebagai bidang keilmuan baru untuk melengkapi dua bidang sebelumnya. Sekalipun memiliki akar epistemologis yang sama, namun ketiga bidang studi tetap bekerja pada "wilayah keilmuan†yang otonom. Sebagai bidang kajian paling mutakhir, ekologi politik dapat dikatakan sebagai bidang keilmuan yang mengambil manfaat paling besar atas dua bidang keilmuan sebelumnya yaitu sosiologi-ekologi-manusia dan antropologi budaya (cikal-bakal human ecology). Dari perspektif lain, bidang kajian ekologi politik berkembang sebagai konsekuensi kompleksitas persoalan yang dihadapi oleh sistem ekologi planet bumi, dimana relasi manusia dan alam berlangsung relatif rumit dan saling menegasikan satu sama lain. Manakala aspek kekuasaan (power), konflik kepentingan, dan kekuatan-kekuatan ekonomi-politik harus diperhitungkan, maka ekologi-politik lebih mampu membedah persoalan yang tidak dapat dianalisis oleh ekologi manusia. "Dinamika konflik sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan†serta "olah kekuasaan pemangku kepentingan†menjadi fokus kajian ekologi politik saat ini. Dengan makin rumitnya dimensi persoalan ekologi dan lingkungan di abad 21, maka kerjasama para ahli dari ketiga cabang ilmu di atas makin diperlukan.

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted in Wakatobi Southeast Sulawesi Province. Wakatobi overall administrative region is a national park established by decree of the Ministry Forestry No.7651/KPTS-II/2002 dated August 19 Wakatobi National 2002. Wakatobi National Park was the second largest marine park was owned by Indonesia and became one of the national tourism destination. It was the latest Indonesian biosphere reserves established by UNESCO in the 24th session of the ICC-MAB program in 2012, Paris.Wakatobi geostrategic position in the center of the world's coral led to an area that has a very rich biodiversity and have the beautifully and exotic underwater scenery. The superiority of location (geographical advantage) being the reason for local governments to establish ecotourism as a paradigm of Wakatobi regional development. This study examines the livelihood systems and the level of household resilience after ecotourism developed in Wakatobi through "Sustainable Livelihood Aproach".In this study, it can be concluded that the development of ecotourism in the region has not given more contribution thus hamper the achievement of regional development based on ecotourism as nature conservation was maintained and well-being of local communities. However, the development of ecotourism still was inclusive so that people who are able to access such availability was top class household groups. Ecotourism basically can increase the economic resilience of households.Keywords: regional development, ecotourism, livilihood, resilience, decoupling sustainabilityABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Wakatobi Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Secara keseluruhan wilayah adminstrasi Wakatobi merupakan taman nasional yang ditetapkan berdasarkan surat keputusan Menteri Kehutanan No.7651/KPTS-II/2002 tanggal 19 Agustus tahun 2002.Taman Nasional Wakatobi merupakan taman laut terbesar kedua yang di miliki Indonesia dan menjadi salah satu Daerah Tujuan Wisata nasional. Merupakan cagar Biosfer terbaru Indonesia yang ditetapkan oleh UNESCO melalui sidang ke-24 ICC-MAB program pada tahun 2012 di Paris. Posisi Geostrategis Wakatobi di tengah pusat karang dunia, menyebabkan daerah ini sebagai wilayah yang memiliki keanekaragamn hayati yang sangat tinggi dan mempunyai pemandangan alam bawah laut yang indah dan eksotik. Keunggulan lokasi (geographical advantage) menjadi alasan Pemerintah Daerah menetapkan Ekowisata sebagai paradigma pembangunan wilayah Wakatobi. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat sistem penghidupan dan tingkat resiliensi rumahtangga setelah ekowista dikembangkan di Wakatobi menggunakan pendekatan "Sustainable Livelihood aproach". Hasil kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah kegiatan ekowisata belum berkontribusi besar dalam pembangunan wilayah karena terjadi persoalan "Decoupling Sustainability", hal ini menghambat tercapainya tujuan pembangunan wilayah yang berbasiskan ekowisata yaitu kelesetarian alam terjaga dan masyarakat lokal memperoleh manfaat. Tetapi yang terjadi adalah pembangunan ekowisata yang belum inklusif sehingga hanya lapisan rumahtangga atas yang mampu mengakses peluang yang tersedia. Ekowisata pada dasarnya dapat meningkatkan resiliensi ekonomi rumahtangga.Kata kunci: pembangunan wilayah, ekowisata, livelihood , resiliensi, decoupling sustainabiliti

Economic development in Indonesia since 1980s is dealing with conversion of agricultural land to industry, housing, and other sector in city and its periphery. Land conversion have a great impact to food production rather than the impact from technical problem (drought and pest problem). Government need to preserve agricultural land in order to maintain food production. Thus government made a mandatory approach byissued Law No. 41 year 2009. The aim of this research are to identify an actual socioeconomic characteristics in the area of land preservation program (LP2B) in Kuningan Regency, to identify farmers perception on LP2B and to analyze socioeconomic suitability in the areaof LP2B program. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and likert scale. Based on the result, there are nine socioeconomic indicator on land preservation program (LP2B) in Kuningan Regency, namely; land conversion rate, food balance, disparity between farm and non-farm income, agriculture households, agriculture labor, farmers' groups, spatial planning policies and farmers perceptions. Farmers have a positive perception on LP2B program. Land preservation program (LP2B) priority should be donein Cilimus sub district due to low support of socio economic characteristic. Meanwhile Ciawigebang and Cibingbin sub district become a next priority of preservation.Keyword : farmer's perception, food security, land conversion, socioeconomic of LP2B

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to know how the role of government actors, private or investors and indigenous institutions (Subak and Pakraman) in the management of land resources (including water) so that the conversion of agricultural land can be prevented. The study was conducted in Tabanan, Bali Province. Depth interview techniques and stakeholder analysis as an approach of this research. A stakeholder analysis is instrumental to understand the social and institutional context of a program or project activities. The purpose of stakeholder analysis is to determine interests and their authority in preventing the conversion of agricultural land. The results showed that there are two forces actors (stakeholders) in the management of land resources (including water). The government in collaboration with investors and has a role as a player, while Subak and Pakraman have a role on the position of the object. Power relations are played by actors of government is still dominant compared to indigenous institutional Subak and Pakraman. Investors who have the capital strength and enthroned as the 'king' always pave the spatial plannings are on 'profit-seeking' biggest for himself. Power is seen as a mechanism of domination which is a form of power against the other in a relationship dominated by dominated or powerfull by the powerless. The duality of land governance (including water) between actors is the dualism solution. The duality that lies in the fact, that he could be seen as rules that a principle for action in a wide range of space and time, while it is the result (outcome) and means looping action thus overcoming space and time. Duality of land governance (including water) shows that in the future that is necessary is to put Subak and Pakraman in a position of political strength parallel to desa dinas and other government institutions.Keywords: indigenous institutions (Subak, Pakraman), conversion of agricultural land, stakeholder analysis, duality of land governanceABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui bagaimana peran aktor pemerintah, swasta atau investor, dan kelembagaan lokal (subak dan desa pakraman) dalam pengelolaan sumber daya lahan (termasuk air) sehingga konversi lahan pertanian dapat dicegah. Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Tabanan, Propinsi Bali. Teknik wawancara yang mendalam dan analisis stakeholder sebagai pendekatan penelitian ini. Analisis stakeholder merupakan instrument untuk memahami konteks social dan kelembagaan dari program atau kegiatan proyek. Tujuan dari analisis stakeholder adalah untuk menentukan minat dan kewenangan mereka dalam mencegah konversi lahan pertanian. Hasil memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat dua kekuatan aktor (stakeholder) dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya lahan (termasuk air). Pemerintah berkolaborasi dengan investor dan memiliki peran sebagai pemain, sedangkan subak dan desa pakraman memiliki peran pada posisi objek. Relasi kuasa yang dimainkan oleh aktor pemerintah masih bersifat dominan dibandingkan kelembagaan lokal subak dan desa pakraman. Aktor investor yang memiliki kekuatan modal dan bertahta sebagai 'raja' selalu melicinkan perencanaan-perencanaan tata ruang yang memberikan 'profit seeking' terbesar bagi dirinya. Kekuasaan dipandang sebagai mekanisme dominasi yang merupakan bentuk kekuasaan terhadap yang lain dalam relasi yang mendominasi dengan yang didominasi atau yang berkuasa dengan yang tidak berdaya. Dualitas tata kelola lahan (termasuk air) antar para aktor merupakan pemecahan dualism tersebut. Dualitas itu terletak dalam fakta, bahwa ia bisa dipandang sebagai aturan yang menjadi prinsip bagi tindakan di berbagai ruang dan waktu, sekaligus ia merupakan hasil (outcome) dan sarana perulangan tindakan yang karenanya mengatasi ruang dan waktu. Dualitas tata kelola lahan (termasuk air) ini menunjukkan bahwa kedepan yang diperlukan adalah menempatkan subak dan desa pakraman pada posisi kekuatan politik yang sejajar dengan desa dinas dan kelembagaan pemerintah lainnya.Kata kunci: kelembagaan lokal (subak, desa pakraman), konversi lahan pertanian, analisis stakeholder, dualitas tata kelola lahan

The community forestry (HKm) is a government effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in climate change mitigation strategies and improvement of community welfare. The objective of this research was to analyze carbon economy contribution to the household income that was attained from carbon initiative activities in the HKm. This study was conducted in the community forestry in Ngeposari village, Gunung Kidul district, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The methods of the research were deep interview, observation and document analysis. Descriptive analysis and scoring technique were applied to understand the income structure of the farmer household and an additional incentive from carbon economy by using several assumptions. Based on the three assumptions, this study revealed that the low household-level received the highest benefits from carbon initiative activities. Total carbon income from 155 ha was estimated to be 295 321 IDR based on VCM scheme calculation, if it was compared to the community business plan which included timber harvesting.Key words: Community Forest, carbon initiative, livelihood

Gunung Merapi is one of the mountain ecosystem in the center of Java island. The ecosystem is located under the administration of Yogyakarta Special Province and Center of Java Province. Since May 4th, 2004, the ecosystem has been appointed as Gunung Merapi National Park under the decree of Minister of Forestry Number 134/2004. Polemic over the appointment has been emerged before the decree issued and still continuing after. This research has been conducted in 1) Ngargomulyo village, Dukun, Magelang, Center of Java Province, 2) Jurangjero sand mining area in Ngargosoka, Srumbung, Magelang, Center of Java Province and 3) Kaliurang tourism destination area in Hargobinangun, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta Special Province on Juli 2005 and Juni-Juli 2006. This research aimed to 1) mapping natural resources right and access mechanism and 2) analyse conflict between Environmental Non-Government Organisations (ENGOs) and Government. Using political ecology analysis, the research shows that the appointment of Gunung Merapi National Park only benefiting them living in tourism destination and sand mining area, but giving uncertainty for them living in village as a farmer. The research also identified that the conflict between government and ENGOs is the conflict of conservation discourses. The strategy for the future development of Gunung Merapi National Park is suggested as follows: 1) government should understand the natural resource access mechanism which has been worked in the Merapi ecosystem and 2) government should work together with the grassroots organisation to implement policy in the field level and with the ENGOs to develop natural resources conservation discourses. Key words: national park, access, conflict, political ecology, conservation discourses

Production rate of oil palm has been increased in Indonesia to meet the high demand of products. In response, companies and smallholders have improved their production through expansions. In 2018, plantation occupied a land mass of 3.4 million hectares, leading to environmental, social, and economic problems. The aims of study were to analyze the rationality responsible for the encroachment chaos in forest areas, to analyze the correlation between readiness to implement ISPO and the logic responsible for smallholders' classification, and to analyze related issues in ISPO implementation. Survey method with questionnaires was used on plasma smallholders managing independent plantations in two villages at East Kalimantan. The results showed rules guiding forest encroachment cover the activities of Smallholders with effective and substantive rationality. However, many of them are not ready to implement ISPO certification because their marketing activities are controlled by middlemen. Therefore, forest area encroachment will remain and ISPO certification will be difficult to implement.

Palm oil has become a leading vegetable oil over the past 30 years and smallholder farmers in Indonesia, with more than 12 million hectare the world's largest producer of palm oil, have massively engaged in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation. In Sumatra, where more than 60% of Indonesian palm oil is cultivated, smallholders currently cover roughly 50% of the oil palm area. The rapid expansion of palm oil however did not happen without controversy. In current efforts by the Indonesian government, NGO's and private sector to improve sector performance, smallholders are often characterized as the Achilles heel of the oil palm sector due to poor practices and low yields compared to companies. However, 'oil palm smallholders' is a container concept and there has been only limited research into smallholder diversity beyond the organised versus independent farmer dichotomy. This research delves into the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) among seven types of independent smallholders in Rokan Hulu regency, Riau province. The research area consisted of a relative established agricultural area on mineral soils and a relative frontier, mostly on peat. Smallholder types ranged from small local farmers to large farmers who usually reside in urban areas far from their plantation and regard oil palm cultivation as an investment opportunity. The underlying hypothesis is that larger farmers have more capital and therefore implement better agricultural practices than small farmers, who are usually more cash constrained. A wide range of methods was applied, including farmer and farm surveys, remote sensing, tissue analysis and photo interpretation by experts. These methods provided data on fertilizer use, nutrient conditions in oil palms, planting material, planting patterns, and other management practices in the plantations. Results show that yields are poor, implementation of GAP are limited and there is much room for improvement among all farmer types. Poor planting materials, square planting patterns, and limited nutrient applications were particularly prevalent. This implies that farmers across different typologies opt for a low-input low-output system for a myriad of reasons and that under current conditions, initiatives such as improving access to finance or availability of good planting material alone are unlikely to significantly improve the productivity and sustainability of the smallholder oil palm sector.

Regulation is one of the important instruments in generating good governance, including the governance of residential area in order to achieve sustainable development. In Indonesia, however, the sustainability issue of residential area does not get any serious attention, especially from the perspective of policy. This article elaborates the regulation related to the issue of sustainable residential area. The results of the review show that all residential area regulations, both in the central and local governments, have not been adaptive against issues of sustainability. Detailed elaboration of the findings is discussed further in this article.

While there are issues in deforestation with interesting reports on reforestation in Indonesia's forest policy, the situation in Papua remains understudied. This paper builds on the themes of collective action and reforestation from indigenous people of Papua. Collective action can be understood from various perspectives and one of them can be studied within Gamson's socio-psychology framework from social movement theories. The results showed that: collective action in indigenous people of Biak-Papua was connected to their collective identity, solidarity, consciousness, and was facilitated by micromobilization. There were 4 typologies of collective action for reforestation in Biak: (1) collective action with initiative of collectivity in the group supported by external forces, (2) collective action driven by village leaders that have the authority from the government, (3) collective action driven by informal leaders (genealogical/kinship based traditional leaders), and (4) collective action driven by an outsider that has obtained legitimacy of customary, because of marriages. Taking into account its potentials and dynamics, mutually beneficial collective action is believed to be able to support the success of reforestation and forest management in Papua.