Suchergebnisse

The advantage of a head-up auditory display was evaluated in a preliminary experiment designed to measure and compare the acquisition time for capturing visual targets under two auditory conditions: standard one-earpiece presentation and two-earpiece three-dimensional (3D) audio presentation. Twelve commercial airline crews were tested under full mission simulation conditions at the NASA Ames Man-Vehicle Systems Research Facility advanced concepts flight simulator. Scenario software generated visual targets corresponding to aircraft that would activate a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) aural advisory; the spatial auditory position was linked to the visual position with 3D audio presentation. Results showed that crew members using a 3D auditory display acquired targets approximately 2.2 s faster than did crew members who used one-earpiece headsets, but there was no significant difference in the number of targets acquired.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AREA SOCIAL WELL-BEING AND THE EXTENT OF CITIZEN-INITIATED CONTACTS WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IS EXAMINED FOR DALLAS AND HOUSTON. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY, NEGATIVE LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL WELL-BEING AND CONTACTING, ARE COMPARED AND CONTRASTED WITH THOSE FROM A 1977 STUDY OF DETROIT DATA.

Three-dimensional acoustic display systems have recently been developed that synthesize virtual sound sources over headphones based on filtering by headrelated transfer functions (HRTFs), the direction-dependent spectral changes caused primarily by the pinnae. In this study 11 inexperienced subjects judged the apparent spatial location of headphone-presented speech stimuli filtered with nonindividualized HRTFs. About half of the subjects "pulled" their judgments toward either the median or the lateral-vertical planes, and estimates were almost always elevated. Individual differences were pronounced for the distance judgments; 15% to 46% of stimuli were heard inside the head, with the shortest estimates near the median plane. The results suggest that most listeners can obtain useful azimuth information from speech stimuli filtered by nonindividualized HRTFs. Measurements of localization error and reversal rates are comparable with a previous study that used broadband noise stimuli.

THIS PAPER TESTS "GROWTH MACHINE" PROPOSITIONS ABOUT THE ATTITUDES TOWARD GROWTH OF DIFFERENT LOCAL ELITE GROUPS. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT "GROWTH MACHINE" CONCEPTIONS IN PART-THERE IS WIDE ELITE APPROBATION OF GROWTH-BUT FURTHER ANALYSIS REVEALS THAT DIFFERENT ELITE GROUPS HAVE DIFFERENT CONCEPTIONS OF GROWTH AND OF THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR IN CONTROLLING IT. MOST NOTABLY, THE LOCAL POLITICAL ELITE SEES GROWTH AS A PRIVATELY DRIVEN PHENOMENON, AND THIS PERCEPTION AMONG LOCAL POLITICAL LEADERS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A TENDENCY TO DENIGRATE LOCAL GOVERNMENT'S POWER TO RESPOND TO POLICY PROBLEMS AGGRAVATED BY GROWTH.

THIS PAPER SEEKS TO FORMALIZE AND TEST DYNAMIC MODELS OF STATES' EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES IN INDIA. IN THE ABSENCE OF THEORIES ABOUT SPENDING IN INDIA, THREE THEORETICAL FORMATIONS ARE DERIVED FROM STUDIES OF EXPENDITURES BY THE AMERICAN STATES. ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE BUDGETARY PROPORTION THE INDIAN STATES ALLOCATED TO EDUCATION INCREASED AT A DECREASING RATE.

Tests 'growth machine' propositions about the attitudes toward growth of different local elite groups. Different elite groups have different conceptions of growth and of the role of the public and private sector in controlling it. (Abstract amended)

Très peu de personnes ont été à même de connaître l'historique exact desorigines de la Conférence de Bruxelles, et des détails erronés ont été donnés, à l'époque, dans beaucoup de journaux européens.Voilà ce qu'écrit Henry Dunant dans ses cahiers dont la plus grande partie demeurent inédits. C'est dire que nous sommes très heureux depublier une étude dont le dessein est d'éclairer le rôle joué par Dunantcomme promoteur de la protection des prisonniers de guerre.Des cérémonies ont eu lieu récemment dans la capitale beige à l'occasion du centenaire de la Déclaration de Bruxelles. Le vice-président du CICR, M. J. Pictet, eut l'occasion, lors de la seance solennelle de commemoration, de rappeler le développement parallèle du droit de Genève et du droit de La Haye auquel cette Declaration donna un élan deécisif. Le moment est d'autant mieux choisi pour présenter l'étude qu'on va lire. Celle-ci, commede coutume, n'engage que ses auteurs.

That is what Henry Dunant wrote in his notebooks, most of which were never published, and we are pleased to publish a study shedding light on Dunant's role as promoter of protection for prisoners of war.In Belgium's capital, ceremonies were recently held to mark the centenary of the Brussels Declaration. At the formal commemorative sitting, Mr. J. Pictet, Vice-President of the ICRC, drew attention to the parallel development of the law of Geneva and the law of The Hague, to which the Brussels Declaration gave a decisive impetus. The study is therefore well-timed. As usual, the, views expressed are those of the authors alone. It may be added that the original is in French and that the English version is a translation by the ICRC.

Les résultats de cette expérience inspirée des travaux de Wallon et Lurçat nous ont permis de préciser un certain nombre de points :
1) II semble que les idéogrammes produits par les enfants entre 3 et 4 ans apparaissent essentiellement lors de la copie de modèles où l'aspect morphologique l'emporte sur l'aspect dynamique. De ce point de vue la catégorie des sujets qui nécessitent la représentation du mouvement et de l'attitude (personnages et animaux tels que le cheval au trot de la feuille de Prudhommeau) s'oppose à celle qui englobe les objets et les animaux immobiles et sans attitude marquée (poisson et, dans une mesure moindre, oiseau de la même feuille de Prudhommeau). 2) Parmi les graphiques présentant tous les caractères d'un dessin idéographique, certains permettent la reconnaissance et l'évocation du modèle proposé (véritables idéogrammes) alors que d'autres ne le permettent pas (pseudo-idéogrammes). Or si l'on considère l'ensemble de ces graphismes ayant une structure formelle d'idéogrammes on vérifie : que les enfants normaux de 4 à 7 ans font plus de vrais idéogrammes que les enfants de 3 à 4 ans et que les déficients intellectuels ; qu'il n'y a pas de différence significative entre le groupe d'enfants de 3 à 4 ans et celui des arriérés. Les résultats obtenus à l'épreuve d'évocation semblent indiquer que ces faits sont à mettre en rapport avec des carences de la fonction sémiotique.
3) L'analyse qualitative a montré que l'on ne peut identifier purement et simplement les idéogrammes obtenus par dégradation à deux produits immédiatement et que la détérioration est donc autre chose qu'une genèse inversée ; elle a montré également que s'il y a bien ressemblance entre les idéogrammes des enfants déficients intellectuels et ceux des enfants normaux, il n'y a pas identité stricte dans la mesure en particulier où ces derniers présentent seuls une catégorie d' idéogrammes consistant à utiliser la partie pour représenter le tout du modèle à copier et un mode de combinaison des « graphèmes » qui s'apparente à « l'agrégat logique ».

Corporate sustainability has gone mainstream, and many companies have taken meaningful steps to improve their own environmental performance. But while corporate political actions such as lobbying can have a greater impact on environmental quality, they are ignored in most current sustainability metrics. It is time for these metrics to be expanded to critically assess firms based on the sustainability impacts of their public policy positions. To enable such assessments, firms must become as transparent about their corporate political responsibility (CPR) as their corporate social responsibility (CSR). For their part, rating systems must demand such information from firms and include evaluations of corporate political activity in their assessments of corporate environmental responsibility.

Corporate sustainability has gone mainstream, and many companies have taken meaningful steps to improve their own environmental performance. But while corporate political actions such as lobbying can have a greater impact on environmental quality, they are ignored in most current sustainability metrics. It is time for these metrics to be expanded to critically assess firms based on the sustainability impacts of their public policy positions. To enable such assessments, firms must become as transparent about their corporate political responsibility (CPR) as their corporate social responsibility